• Source: Outline of forestry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and guide to forestry:
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning.
Below is a structured list of topics in forestry.




Focus of forestry


Tree – organism, whose species, age, vitality, growth, health, and size, are considered individually or more often, as part of a whole;
Forest – defined as either a geographic area or delineated by the general composition of individuals;
Biome – ecologically defined by its forest structure, leaf types, tree spacing, and climate




Branches of forestry


Agroforestry – integration of forests into agricultural systems in order to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and minimize negative side effects of farming
Boreal forestry – analyzes the particular challenges of forestry in the world's boreal regions
Close to nature forestry – theory and practice that takes the forest as an ecosystem and manages it as such. It is based on reduced human intervention, that should be directed to accelerate the processes that nature would do by itself more slowly.
Dendrology – involves the study and identification of economically useful tree species
Forest ecology – studies the patterns and processes of a forest ecosystem
Forest hydrology – embodies the effects of changes in forest land use on the movement, distribution, and quality of water in the ecosystem
Forest pathology – study of diseases of woody plants, and of the interactions between trees and pathogens, pests, and other stressors that affect their health and function.
Silviculture – is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet specific objectives
Social forestry – addresses human-forest interactions, and the importance of community-based natural resource management
Sustainable forestry – providing for the needs of society in the form of forest products while maintaining the health of forests and their mitigation of climate change and biodiversity loss through forestry practices that mimic natural patterns of disturbance and regeneration, such as balancing the numbers of trees by age, to provide a layered canopy and sustainable yield as an alternative to clear cutting. Sustaining natural forest habitats also involves preserving their water quality, and protecting them from wildfire, pests, and diseases.
Tropical forestry – is particularly concerned with management and conservation of forests in the tropics
Urban forestry – entails the care and management of urban tree populations for the purpose of improving the urban environment




= Forest management

=
Forest management – comprises the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects of forest regulation

Analog forestry – a management focus that seeks to establish a tree-dominated ecosystem that is similar in architectural structure and ecological function to the naturally occurring climax and sub-climax vegetation community
Bamboo forestry – farming and harvesting bamboo for commercial purposes such as construction.
Community forestry – combination of forest conservation with rural development and poverty reduction objectives, accomplished through instating a legal framework that favors profitable and sustainable forest management
Continuous cover forestry
Ecoforestry – emphasizes practices which strive to protect and restore ecosystems
Forest economics – studies the impact of economics on forest management decisions
Energy forestry – includes specifically managing for the production of energy from biomass or biofuel derived from a fast-growing species of tree or woody shrub
Short rotation forestry – managing a forest that utilizes fast-growing species as a bio-based energy crop for use in power stations, alone or in combination with other fuels such as coal
Short rotation coppice (SRC) – focus on species that are able to naturally regenerate through stump sprouts to maximize economic productivity
Hardwood timber production – process of managing stands of deciduous trees to maximize woody output
Tree breeding – method of genetically modifying/selecting forest stock for improved growth or vigor characteristics
Forest inventory – incorporates quantitative measurements of the forest stand to determine stand timber volume and productivity/health, and provides a basis off which management decisions can be made
Mycoforestry – ecological forest management system implemented to enhance forest ecosystems and plant communities through the introduction of mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi
Permaforestry – approach to the wildcrafting and harvesting of the forest biomass that uses cultivation to improve the natural harmonious systems. It is a relationship of interdependence between humans and the natural systems in which the amount of biomass available from the forest increases with the health of its natural systems.
Sustainable forest management – emphasizes practices that maintain forest biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, and vitality, while continuing to fulfill relevant ecological, economic and social functions
Tree farming – timber crop production in a privately owned forest or woodland
Plantation forestry – industrial plantations are established to produce a high volume of wood in a short period of time. Some plantations are managed by state forestry authorities (for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and others by paper and wood companies (such as Weyerhaeuser, Rayonier and Plum Creek Timber in the United States, Asia Pulp & Paper in Indonesia).




Types of trees and forests


Types of trees
List of trees and shrubs by taxonomic family
List of tree species by shade tolerance – tree grouped by shade tolerance, a determinant in successional status
List of woods – commonly used in the timber and lumber trade
Types of forests
By ecological factors (climate, composition, etc.)
Boreal forests (taiga) – occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous
Coniferous forests
Temperate forests – forests in temperate zones
Broadleaf forests, for example:
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Evergreen coniferous forests, for example:
Temperate coniferous forests
Temperate rainforests
Broadleaf evergreen forests – supported in warm temperate zones. Examples include:
Laurel forests
Tropical and subtropical forests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
By physical structure or developmental stage
Old growth forest
Secondary forest
By dominant tree species, for example
Ponderosa pine forests
Douglas-fir forests
List of types of formally designated forests – various institutionally designated types of forest areas, generally classified by use or ownership




Geography of forests



List of countries by forest area – using data from the CIA's World Factbook, presents the total area in km2 and the percentage of land covered by forests
Lists of forests
List of old growth forests – by continent, country, province; with various descriptive information




= Map of biomes

=

List of life zones by region




Occupations in forestry


Arborist – professional responsible for the maintenance of individual trees in an urban forest also called a tree surgeon.
Donkey puncher was the operator of a small steam donkey, a machine used in logging in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Fire lookout – person assigned to spot for fires/smoke atop a fire lookout tower
Forest ecologist – studies patterns, processes, flora and fauna in forest ecosystems
Forest economist – model and analyze economic aspects of forest growth, utilization, and conservation
Forest engineer – civil engineer specializing in all aspects of timber and forest operations, including road-building, railways, log transport, etc.
Forest ranger – responsible for managing and policing human use of the forest; sometimes also acts as educator and interpreter
Forest sociologist – applied social scientist working with a wide variety of stakeholders interested in forests
Forest technician – individual primarily responsible for the marking of timber sales and on-ground land management, often requires a two-year Associate of Science degree
Forester – professional chiefly responsible for the management of forests, requires a Bachelor of Science degree in most countries
Master forester – forestry expert responsible for forest management and training
Hotshot crew/Handcrew – a group of wildland firefighters specialized in fire suppression tactics
Lumberjack – the typical feller of trees and harvester of the lumber, duties can also include:
Log bucking – delimbing and partitioning of trees into logs
Log driving – transportation of logs on a river or lake downstream to the mill
Log scaling – measurement of felled trees to determine the volume of wood going to the manufacturer
Resin extractor – laborer who extracts resin from pine trees
Rubber tapper – laborer who extracts natural rubber from tropical rubber trees
Smokejumper – firefighters who parachute into remote areas to fight wildland fires
Timber cruiser – responsible for assessing forest growth, health, and valuation
Tree planters – help reestablish forests after logging, fires, and other events and circumstances




Silvicultural methods



Silviculture – practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to preserve and to better their productivity.
Site preparation

Controlled burn – use of fire in order to eliminate weeds, brush, or slash, or to release on-site seeds of fire-dependent species
Stump harvesting – removal of tree stumps either for biomass or to free up space in the soil
Drum chopping – knocking down small trees and brush to clear the ground for planting
Planting

Broadcast seeding – scattering of seed either by hand or mechanically over a relatively large area
Aerial seeding – dispersing of seed from an aircraft, used especially in mountainous areas
Treeplanting – transplanting of juvenile seedlings into the ground at a predetermined spacing
Intermediate treatments

Weeding – removal or reduction of herbaceous or woody species around seedlings
Cleaning – removal of competing saplings of similar age in order to favor saplings of desirable growth characteristics
Liberation cutting – removal of older and established overtopping trees from desirable saplings
Thinning – removal of trees to favor the growth of select trees in order to maximize timber production
Ecological thinning – removal of trees to favor the growth of select trees in order to favor the development of wildlife habitat
Pruning – removal of the lateral branches on the trees in order to improve wood quality
Pollarding – annual removal of lateral branches or main stem in order to encourage growth of branches to provide for firewood, or fruit production
Harvest rotations

Even-aged timber management
Clearcutting – harvesting of all stems in a given area regardless of species and size
Coppicing – cutting vigorous juvenile trees near the ground, regeneration comes from new shoots coming up from the stump
Seed-tree – cutting of all trees save widely spaced residual trees, which will provide natural seedstock for the following generation and are later cut
Uneven-aged timber management
Selection – harvesting of selected trees in a stand, removing either merchantable timber or to favor the growth of desirable individuals (a thinning)
Shelterwood – removal of merchantable trees in succession, establishing a multiaged stand
Variable retention – removal of trees of varying density across a landscape, in order to retain structural diversity
Other
Salvage logging – harvesting of trees killed by natural disturbances in order to maximize economic returns that would otherwise be lost
Sanitation harvest – removal of individual trees affected by a pathogen in order to diminish the possibility the entire stand being affected
Biomass harvest – harvesting of small wood for energy purposes, either following a commercial harvest or for its own sake, such as in energy forestry
Underwater logging – harvesting of trees from underwater forests flooded during construction of artificial dams or reservoirs




Environmental issues pertaining to forests


Afforestation – the process of establishing a forest on previously unforested land, for reasons of timber harvesting, conservation of biodiversity, or soil decontamination, among many
Biodiversity conservation – examines forests broader role in supporting a variety of (socio)ecological systems
Carbon sequestration – focus on forests' broader ecological functioning in consumption of carbon dioxide
Conservation – focus on sustainability of forest resources and preservation of forest-based biodiversity
Deforestation – the removal of trees in a forested area without sufficient regeneration, resulting in desertification in arid areas and loss of habitat and biodiversity
Deforestation by region
Ecological restoration – the role of trees in restoring degraded natural and built environments
Flood control – addresses forests ecological role in natural regulation of rainfall
Forest dieback – where trees on the periphery of a stand are killed by acid rain or parasites
Forest fragmentation – occurring when forests are cut down in a manner that leaves relatively small, isolated patches of forest, resulting in high amounts of edges and subsequent loss in wildlife habitat and biodiversity
Forest transition – shift from a period of net forest area loss (deforestation) to a period of net forest area gain (afforestation) for a given region or country
High grading – type of selective logging that removes the highest timber quality trees, resulting in poor genetic stock for subsequent generations
Illegal logging – the unlawful harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber, contributing to deforestation, corruption, and destabilization of international markets




Forest resource assessment


Forest inventory – systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems.




= Timber metrics

=

Diameter at breast height (DBH) – measurement of a tree's diameter standardized at 1.3 meters (about 4.5 feet) above the ground
Basal area – defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base
Tree taper – the degree to which a tree's stem or bole decreases in diameter as a function of height above ground
Girard form class – an expression of tree taper calculated as the ratio of diameter inside the bark at 16 feet above ground to that outside the bark at DBH, primary expression of tree form used in the United States
Quadratic mean diameter – diameter of the tree that coordinates to the stand's basal area
Leaf Area Index – the ratio of total upper leaf surface of the forest canopy divided by the surface area of the land on which the vegetation grows
Tools
Biltmore stick – utilizes ocular trigonometry to quickly measure diameter and height
Diameter tape – cloth or metal tape that is wrapped around the bole, scaled to diameter
Caliper – two prongs connected to a measuring tape are placed around the most average part of the bole to determine diameter
Relascope – multiple-use tool that is able to find tree height, basal area, and tree diameter anywhere along the bole
Clinometer – common tool used to measure changes in elevation and tree height
Cruising rod – similar to a caliper, calculates the number of pieces of lumber yielded by a given piece of timber by measuring its diameter
Hemispherical photography – estimates solar radiation and characterize plant canopy structure/density using photographs taken looking upward through an extreme wide-angle lens




= Surveying techniques

=
Traversing – method of surveying used to establish sampling plots along a line or path of travel
Chain – equivalent to 66 feet, widely used distance in surveying practices in the United States and other countries influenced by imperial Great Britain
Line plot survey – plots taken at a regular predetermined distance along the traverse path
Tools
Pacing – quick method used to survey in the field, requiring calibration of one's "paces" (pair of footsteps) to a known distance (often a chain)
Hand compass – a compact magnetic compass with a sighting device used to determine the location of plots for a given bearing
Wedge prism – optical instrument typically made of glass ground at slight angles to refract light passing through it from the smaller width side of the prism to the thicker width side of the prism, calibrated to a desired plot size (basal area factor)
Angle gauge – similar in principle to a wedge prism, although it must be held a fixed distance from the eye
GPS – global satellite navigation systems used to determine the position of oneself and plots
GIS – an information system capable of integrating, storing, analyzing, and displaying forest geographic information collected in the field




= Timber volume determination

=

Site index – a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (site trees)in a stand at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years
Stocking – a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density which varies according to management purpose even on the same site
Stand Density Index – a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area
Volume table – a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume
Stand density management diagram – model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition
Units of measurement
Cord – very common measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet (3.62 m3), corresponding to a pile of wood, bark, and air 4 feet wide by 4 feet high and 8 feet long
Stère – invented in France, equivalent to a cubic meter of cut wood with space for air
Board foot – specialized unit of measure for lumber in North America, equivalent to the volume of a one foot length of a board one foot wide and one inch thick




= Stand growth assessment

=
Increment borer – specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with relatively minor injury to the tree, used often for tree growth analysis
Mean annual increment (MAI) – refers to the average growth per year a tree or stand of trees has exhibited at a specific age
Periodic annual increment (PAI) – describes the average annual change in tree diameter between the beginning and ending of a growth period, used more often than MAI for percental growth
Ecological yield -the amount of wood volume in any given year whose harvesting would be considered sustainable
Growth and yield modelling – entails the creation of models of prospective tree growth and harvest yield for management purposes
Economics
Stumpage – the price charged by a land owner to loggers for the right to harvest standing timber on that land
Optimal rotation age – the age at which the harvesting of stumpage will generate the maximum revenue or economic yield




Harvesting



Logging – cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. The term is sometimes used in a narrow sense to mean moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. However, in common usage, the term may be used to indicate a range of forestry or silviculture activities...




= Harvesting methods

=

Felling – process of cutting down a tree
Bucking – splitting of a felled and delimbed trees into logs
Scaling – measurement of felled trees to determine the volume of merchantable wood
Skidding – transportation of logs from the site of felling to the landing along the ground
Forwarding – transportation of logs from the site of felling to the landing above the ground, usually to minimize soil disturbance but limits the size or amount of logs that can be moved at once
Hauling – long-distance transportation of logs from the landing to their final destination, usually with a semi-truck but occasionally with a train
Woodchipping – grinding of logs into chips for engineered wood, mulch, paper, or fuel
Cut-to-length logging (CTL) – an expensive but efficient system where trees are felled, delimbed, and bucked to scale directly at the felling site
Cable logging – skidding using a wire cable attached to the felled trees, most common in areas with steep topographic relief, variations include
High lead logging – a cable is anchored to a tree at the top of the hill:
Skyline logging – a carriage is used alongside the main cable to provide leverage
Shovel logging – transport of multiple logs close to the logging road using a stationary loader, often used to minimize soil disturbance
Heli-logging – transport of logs from the forest to the landing via helicopter, most commonly used in inaccessible areas or to minimize impact on the soil
Log driving – transportation of individual logs on a waterway to a mill or port downstream
Timber rafting – transportation downstream of multiple logs bundled together into a raft, considered less dangerous than log driving




= Harvesting tools

=



Timber felling tools


Hand
Axe – primitive tool used felling and splitting
Chainsaw – portable mechanized all-purpose saw, the most common tool used in hand-felling
Crosscut saw – saws that have teeth that are designed to cut wood at a right angle to the direction of the wood grain, used for felling and bucking
Bucksaw – a type of crosscut saw used by one or two people to buck felled trees into sawlogs
Mechanized
Feller buncher – vehicle with an attachment that can rapidly cut and gather several smaller trees before felling them
Harvester – first half of the CTL system, vehicle that cuts, delimbs, and bucks the logs "to length"



Log transportation tools

Ground
Peavey – a traditional tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook with a sharp tip, used to spear the log for handling and moving
Cant Hook – tool with the same premise as the peavey but with blunt teeth-bearing tip
Yarder – in cable logging, a piece of equipment utilizing a pulley system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landing
Forwarder – second half of the CTL system, the vehicle that carries logs clear off the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing
Skidder – vehicle that drags logs along the ground from the felling site to the roadside landing
Michigan logging wheels – historical skidder, consisting of a specially designed large set of wooden wagon wheels and could be used in unfrozen soil conditions
Skid cone – a steel or plastic cone placed on the end of a log while being skidded, in order to ease its transportation or protect residual trees
Water
Splash dam – a dam built to temporarily raise the water level of a river to float timber downstream
Flume – chutes specifically constructed to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain to a sawmill by using flowing water.
Timber slide – chutes constructed parallel to a river in order to avoid damage to timber rafts caused by rapids or waterfalls
Boom – barriers placed in a river, designed to collect and or contain floating logs felled from nearby forests




Forest products



Forest product – any material derived from a forest for direct consumption or commercial use, such as lumber, paper, or forage for livestock. Wood is by far the dominant forest product, used for fuel (as firewood or charcoal), structural materials in the construction of buildings, or as a raw material, such as wood pulp used in the production of paper. All non-wood products derived from forest resources are called non-timber forest products.




= Primary forest products

=

Lumber (also "timber") – structural material for the construction of buildings or furniture making
Paper – made from wood pulp derived from the timber stock pulpwood
Paperboard – a thick packaging material derived from paper, cardboard is the generic term
Veneer – thin layers of high-quality wood, often decorative but also the primary product in plywood
Multilaminar veneer – like veneer, but utilizes plantation wood in accordance with the principles of sustainable forest management
Oriented strand board – mainly used in structural insulated panels, has largely replaced plywood
Fiberboard – a cheaper and denser form of plywood, used when cost is considered most important. Often used as the underlying structure in car dashboards
Drywall – a gypsum plaster placed inside two sheets of paper, used commonly as the finishing step in construction of interior walls and ceilings
Wood-plastic composite – made from recycled materials, is crack- and split-resistant and used commonly outdoors




= Secondary forest products

=

Fuel
Firewood – the most unprocessed form of wood fuel, supplies the majority of the developing world's energy needs
Pellets – a byproduct from sawmilling, is formed from compacted sawdust, easy to transport and has a high combustion efficiency
Cellulosic ethanol and Biomethanol – second generation biofuels that are a potential replacement for gasoline
Charcoal – derived from tar, is used extensively in cooking, industry, and water purification, among others
Black liquor – a byproduct from pulp production, can be gasified and used as a syngas
Byproducts
Cork – used to stop wine bottles and as the core in baseballs
Tar – mainly used as a sealant for shingles and watercraft hulls
Turpentine – derived from tar, historically used extensively to thin oil-based paints and a protective furniture wax
Rubber – wide range of commercial and industrial uses, tires and tubes are the largest consumer uses
Creosote – historically been used as a disinfectant, laxative, and to treat coughs
Tall oil – a cheap alternative for use in soaps, lubricants, and drilling fluid
Ecosystem services
Carbon sequestration – a technique for long-term storage of carbon to combat global warming
Water purification – riparian forests act as biofilters to capture and biologically degrade pollutants
Outdoor recreation – provides the natural infrastructure needed for ecotourism
Land rehabilitation – the restoration of degraded land to its former state, largely accomplished through phytoremediation




Forestry by region






History of forestry






= History of forestry, by period

=



Ancient forestry


Primitive forest management
Shifting cultivation
Shifting cultivation under stress
History of forestry in China
Forestry in the Zhou dynasty (Chow) (1045–256 BCE)
Forestry in the Qin dynasty (Chin) (221–206 BCE)
Forestry in the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 A.D.)
Forestry in the Three Kingdoms (220–280 A.D.)
Forestry in the Jin dynasty (266–420 A.D.)
Forestry in the Southern and Northern dynasties (Sung) (420–589 A.D.)
Forestry in the Sui dynasty (581–618 A.D.)
Forestry in the Tang dynasty (618–907 A.D.)
Forestry in the Liao dynasty (907–1125 A.D.)
Forestry in the Song dynasty (960–1279 A.D.)
Forestry in the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 A.D.)
Forestry in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 A.D.)
Forestry in the Qing dynasty (Ch'ing) (1644–1911)
Forestry in the Republic of China (1912–1949)



Early modern forestry


Pre-mechanical forestry
Horse-drawn logging
History of forestry in Europe
History of forestry in Austria-Hungary
History of forestry in France
History of forestry in Germany
History of forestry in Russia
History of forestry in Sweden
Naval forestry
Naval stores industry
Colonial forestry
British timber trade
History of American mahogany trade
History of forestry in Burma
History of forestry in India
History of forestry on Java
History of forestry in Mexico
History of forestry in Trinidad and Tobago



Modern forestry


Forestry during World War I
Forestry in the Alps
Forestry in Brazil
Deforestation in Brazil
As a major environmental issue
Forest governance in Brazil
Selective logging in the Amazon rainforest
Forestry in Chile
Forestry in China
Mechanized forestry
Scientific forestry
Selective forestry
Controlled burn
Heli-logging
Reafforestation
Plantation forestry
Boreal forestry
Tropical forestry



Contemporary forestry


Urban forestry
Plant a million trees
Environmental forestry
Forest aesthetics
Forest restoration
Analog forestry
Ecological forestry




= History of forestry institutions

=



History of forestry law


History of forestry law
United States
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960 required multiple use of federal forest land
Organic Act of 1897
Right of Way Act of 1901 – an act relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands (H.R. 11973)
Transfer Act of 1905 – an act providing for the transfer of forest reserves from the Department of Interior to the Department of Agriculture (H.R. 8460, Public Resolution No. 34)
American Antiquities Act of 1906
Appropriations Act Forbidding Further National Forests ("An Act Making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight", 1907) – also forbidding renaming forest reserves to National Forests (H.R. 24815, Public Act No. 242:2)
Hong Kong
Forests and Countryside Ordinance (1997)
India
Indian Forest Act, 1927
Forest Rights Act (India) – a historic law passed in 2006 protecting the rights of scheduled tribes and other forest dwellers
International
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
Forest rights
Right of Way Act of 1901, USA, relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, and other public lands. H.R. 11973
Forest Rights Act (India)



History of forestry agencies


History of forestry agencies
Canadian Forest Service (Canada)
Indian Forest Service (India)
Corpo Forestale dello Stato (Italy)
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
Korea Forest Service (S. Korea)
CONAFOR Comisión Nacional Forestal (Mexico)
New Zealand Forest Service (NZ)
Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka)
Forestry Commission (United Kingdom)
United States Forest Service, History of the United States Forest Service (USA)



History of forestry organizations


History of forestry organizations

History of the European Forest Institute
History of the Food and Agriculture Organization
History of the Forest History Society
History of the Forest Stewardship Council
History of the International Tropical Timber Organization
History of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations
History of the Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
History of the Society of American Foresters



= Historic schools of forestry
=

Biltmore Forest School, near Asheville, North Carolina – the first school of forestry in North America
French National School of Forestry, Nancy, est. 1824
History of the Imperial Forestry Institute at Oxford
History of the New York State College of Forestry – the first four-year college of forestry in North America
History of the Pennsylvania Forestry Academy
Imperial Forestry School, Dehadrun, India
Mining and Forestry Academy, Schemnitz, Austria-Hungary
Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry
Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute



History of forestry as a profession

History of forestry as a profession



History of forestry research


History of forestry research
Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Forest Products Laboratory USA



History of forestry conferences

History of forestry conferences
First International Forestry Exhibition, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1884
World Forestry Congress – the largest and most significant gathering of the world forestry sector, held since 1926 under the auspices of the FAO
IUFRO World Congress




= History of forestry science and technology

=
History of silviculture
History of forestry technology
History of the chainsaw
History of the crosscut saw
History of the mechanization of forestry
Use of remote sensing in forestry
Use of computer modeling in forestry




Forestry education


Forest research institutes – formal forest (or forestry) research institutes around the world
Forestry technical schools – specializing in technical or practical training in forestry
Forestry universities and colleges – institutions worldwide providing graduate and/or undergraduate education leading to a degree in forestry
Historic schools of forestry – schools of forestry throughout history




Forestry organizations


Confederation of Forest Industries




= Governmental forestry agencies

=
List of forestry ministries – government forestry agencies, by country




= International forestry organizations

=
ASEAN-ROK Forest Cooperation
Avoided Deforestation Partners
Center for International Forestry Research
Coalition for Rainforest Nations
Collaborative Partnership on Forests
Commonwealth Forestry Association
Community Forestry International
Congo Basin Forest Partnership
Conservation International
European Arboricultural Council
FERN
Forest Peoples Programme
Forest Stewardship Council
The Forest Trust
Forestry Information Centre
Forests Monitor
Foundation for Environmental Education
Global Forest Coalition
Global Forest Information Service
Global Forest Information System
International Analog Forestry Network
International Association of Students in Agricultural and Related Sciences
International Forestry Students' Association
International Society of Arboriculture
International Tropical Timber Organization
International Union for Conservation of Nature
International Union of Forest Research Organizations
NICOL Forests UK
Plant A Tree Today Foundation
Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
Rainforest Action Network
Rainforest Alliance
Rainforest Foundation Fund
RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests
Resource Extraction Monitoring
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
Sustainable Forestry Initiative
Taiga Rescue Network
Tropenbos International
United Nations REDD Programme
United Nations Forum on Forests
World Rainforest Movement




Forestry publications


List of forestry journals – academic journals in forestry and related fields




Notable people


John Evelyn (1620–1706) – known for his knowledge of trees, and his treatise Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber (1664)
Henrik Dávid Wilckens (1763–1832) – Austro-Hungarian founder of the Schemnitz Forestry Institute, 1809, later to become the Mining and Forestry Academy, in what today is Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia
Heinrich Cotta (1763–1844) – German silviculturist and pioneer of modern scientific forestry, founder of the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry
Georg Ludwig Hartig (1764–1837) – prominent forest manager, author, and founder of one of the first dedicated schools of forestry in Europe; affiliated in his later years with the University of Berlin
Alfonse Romanovich Vargas de Bedemar (1816–1902) – "one of the founders of the Russian school of forest mensuration"
Franklin B. Hough, MD (1822–1885) – chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the "father of American forestry"
Sir Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – considered the "father of tropical forestry"
Sir William Schlich (1840–1925) – founder of Oxford University's forestry program
Bernhard Fernow (1851–1923) – laid the groundwork for the United States Forest Service, founding dean of the first professional forestry school in the United States
Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946) – first chief of the United States Forest Service and proponent of the Wise Use Movement
Carl A. Schenck (1868–1955) – responsible for incorporating German scientific management techniques into American forest management, and founder of Biltmore Forest School, the first forestry school in the United States
Károly Bund (1869–1931) – early academic and practical forester whose work in the Hungarian National Forestry Association increased treeplanting and intensified efforts to protect natural forests, indigenous tree species, and forestry workers in Austria-Hungary
Robert Scott Troup (1874–1939) – founder of Oxford's Imperial Forestry Institute
Theodore Salisbury Woolsey, Jr. (1880–1933) – used scientific forestry to help France address timber shortages during World War I
Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) – cofounder of The Wilderness Society along with Robert Marshall (below), prominent naturalist writer and environmental ethicist
Kenneth Dupee Swan (1887–1970) – notable photographer for the USDA Forest Service
Bob Marshall (1901–1939) – cofounder of The Wilderness Society, which helped pass the Wilderness Act, which created the first legal definition of wilderness and conserved some 9,100,000 acres (37,000 km2) of national forest land in the United States
Walter Bitterlich (1908–2008) – world-renowned Austrian scientist, best known for the invention of variable plot sampling
Jack C. Westoby (1913–1988) – Chief Forester, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, "father of world forestry"
Sakari Pinomäki (1933–2011) – pioneer of mechanized forest harvesting vehicles, decreasing the time required for harvesting and risk to loggers
Stephen C. Sillett (1968–) – revolutionized the approach and methodology of studying plant and animal life in old growth canopies of large trees




Allied fields



Botany – study of plant life and development that explains the biological basis of trees, such as structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to disease, and chemical properties
Conservation biology – conscientious management of forests can preserve or enhance biodiversity of dependent species
Dendrochronology – method of scientific dating based on the analyses of tree-ring growth patterns, analysis of long-lived individual trees can provide insight into climatic conditions of the past
Ecology – whose principles are the main scientific basis of forestry
Ecophysiology – study of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions that explains the success of a particular tree species' growth, reproduction, survival, and abundance
Forest history – documents natural and human history of forests and forest use
Natural resource management – brings together planning, management, conservation and sustainability of human use of natural resources, including forests
Rural sociology – studies human perceptions, interactions and use of forests and associated resources
Soil science – physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil greatly determines the success of tree species and individuals




See also



Outline of ecology




References






External links



State of the World's Forests (SOFO) – a report issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on forest and forestry trends worldwide, last published in 2009
Forestry Images
International Society for Tropical Foresters
The Forestry Commission
The Forestry Guild Archived 2009-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
Sylva Foundation
International Wood Collectors Society
Xiloteca Manuel Soler (One of the largest private collection of wood samples)
Rainforest Alliance
UNU Open Educational Resource on Forestry, Forest Economics and Forest Policy Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Sumitomo Rubber Industries
• Daftar reka cipta Tiongkok
• Outline of forestry
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• Forest management
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• Index of environmental articles
• Urban forestry
• Forest pathology
• Bioproduct
• Community forestry
• Forest product