• Source: Outline of mining

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to mining:
Mining – extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined.




Basic concepts



Mining engineering
Resource extraction




Geology of mining






= Basic terms

=
Mineral
Rock (geology), an aggregate material usually made up of a number of minerals
Ore, rock containing a desired mineral
Ore genesis, the geological processes by which ore is formed and deposited
Ore grade, the amount of a desired mineral or metal that a quantity of ore contains
high grade ores are rich in the mineral desired, low-grade ores have less of the mineral desired
Gangue, minerals within the ore that are not desired; these are removed during ore processing
Vein (geology) a geological formation that often contains ore
Overburden, the material on top of a given mineral deposit (in surface mining, it has to be removed)




= Finding ore

=
Prospecting
Mineral exploration




= Materials mined

=
Some examples of materials that are extracted from the earth by mining include:

Base metals
Bauxite (Aluminium)
Cassiterite (Tin)
Chromite (Chromium)
Cinnabar (Mercury)
Cobaltite (Cobalt)
Coltan (Niobium and Tantalum)
Columbite (Niobium)
Copper – see List of copper ores
Ilmenite (Titanium)
Iron ore (Iron)
Galena (Lead)
Magnesite (Magnesium)
Malachite (Copper)
Molybdenite (Molybdenum)
Pentlandite (Nickel)
Pyrolusite (Manganese)
Scheelite (Tungsten)
Sphalerite (Zinc)
Tantalite (Tantalum)
Tin
Wolframite (Tungsten)
Baryte (Barium)
Beryl (Beryllium and Gemstones)
Clay
Construction aggregates
Gravel – see Gravel pit
Sand – see Sand mining
Diamonds
dolomite (ornamental stone, Magnesium)
Fossil fuels
Coal – see Coal mining
Oil sands
Oil shale – see Oil shale industry and Shale oil extraction
Gemstones
Kaolinite
Limestone
Phosphorite (Phosphate)
Precious metals
Gold – see Gold mining
Silver – see Silver mining
Platinum
Potash
Rare-earth elements
Slate – see Slate industry
Rock salt
Stone – see Quarry
List of decorative stones
Sulfur
Uranium ore




Types of mining and techniques






= Surface mining

=
Surface mining, mining conducted down into the ground, but with the sky open above
Open-pit mining, where the overburden is removed and put in a different location, leaving a large pit at the end.
Strip mining, where the overburden is stripped off and placed onto the area where the mineral (usually coal) has already been mined out, allowing the surface to be returned to roughly how it was before
Mountaintop removal mining, where the overburden on a mountain is pushed off the mountain into the adjacent valley
Quarrying
Placer mining
Dredging
Hydraulic mining, using high-pressure jets of water to blast soil or hillsides apart




= Underground mining

=
Sub-surface mining, mining conducted underground
Two main types of underground mining, classified by the characteristic of the rock being mined:
Underground mining (hard rock)
Underground mining (soft rock)
There are three directions by which an underground mine may be conducted:
Drift mining, mining horizontally
Shaft mining, mining vertically
Slope mining, mining at an inclined angle
Stoping is the process of extracting out the ore from underground, leaving a hole called a stope
Room and pillar
Longwall mining
Retreat mining
Fire-setting, a method used in stoping by setting fires to timber and letting the resulting collapse break up the rock




= Other methods

=
Borehole mining
Box cut
Deepsea mining
Glory hole (petroleum production)
Heap leaching
In-situ leach
Landfill mining
Mine reclamation
Omega Hydraulic Diggings
Quartz reef mining




Mining equipment






= Excavation

=



Heavy machinery

Steam shovel, used from the 19th century to the 1930s
Power shovel, derived from the steam shovel, but using electricity instead of steam
Excavator, derived from the steam shovel, but using hydraulics or pneumatics instead of steam
Draglines use buckets attached to long cable lines, rather than affixed to a beam
Bucket-wheel excavator, the largest moving land machines ever built
Dredge




= Blasting

=
Rock blasting

Explosives
Gunpowder or black powder, used from the 17th century to the mid-19th century
Dynamite, used from the mid-19th century into the 20th century, still used some today
ANFO, used from the 20th century, and the primary explosive in use today
Blasting gear
Detonator, a small explosive charge used to set off the main explosive
Blasting machine, a device used to generate or send an electric charge to the detonators




= Transport

=
Vertical equipment
Hoist (mining)
Winding engine
Headframe
Equipment for transporting miners
Man engine
Mantrip
Engines used in mining

Archimedes' screw
Beam engine
Drilling rig
Loader (equipment)
Wheel tractor-scraper




= Liquid mining

=
Pumpjack
Wellhead
Subsea




= Safety and environment

=
Safety lamp
Miner's canary
Air classifier
Movement and Surveying Radar




Processing


Ore dressing
General methods of ore processing
Froth flotation
Trommel
Methods peculiar to gold placer mining. Gold is much denser than many other minerals, various methods use this to separate it out:
Gold panning, uses a pan in water to wash material
Rocker box
Sluice box
Drywasher, used where there is insuffician
Extractive metallurgy
Pyrometallurgy, using heat
Smelting
Cupellation
Hydrometallurgy, using aqueous solutions
Leaching, using an acid (lixiviant) to remove. Commonly used for gold and copper
Amalgamation, using liquid mercury to extract the metal. Used to separate out silver and gold.
Electrometallurgy, using electricity to separate out metals




Mining waste


Spoil tip, a pile where overburden is placed (which has NOT been processed)
Tailings, waste mineral material (gangue) leftover AFTER processing
Slag, material left over from smelting
Acid mine drainage, liquid leached out of mines




Mining hazards and safety


Bootleg mining
Claustrophobia
Deformation monitoring
Coal mining debate
Damp (mining)
After damp
Black damp
Fire damp
Stink damp
White damp
Energy law
Mine disaster
Mine exploration
Mine fire
Mine rescue
Mining accident
Mining induced subsidence




Geography of mining


List of diamond mines
List of uranium mines




= Mining, by country

=



Mining of specific minerals, by country

Bentonite production, by country
Bismuth production, by country
Feldspar production, by country
Fluorite production, by country
Manganese production, by country
Mine production of gold, by country
Uranium production, by country




History of mining



Cornish stamps
Davy lamp
De re metallica
Fire-setting
Freeminer
Geordie lamp
Gold rush
History of coal mining
Hurrying
Hushing
Mining innovations during the Industrial Revolution
School of mines




= Economics of mining

=
List of mining companies




= Future of mining

=
Biomining
Asteroid mining




People associated with mining


miner, is a person who is involved in the act of mining
prospector, a person who is expert in searching for and assessing the value of




= Mining scholars

=
Georg Agricola - author of De re metallica
Harrison Schmitt - American geologist, astronaut, retired senator
Paul Worsey
Richard Redmayne
Robert Hunt (scientist)
Ronald F. Tylecote
Russell Walter Fox
Frank T. M. White




Organizations


National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
National Mining Hall of Fame, in the United States




= Leaders and innovators in mining

=
Archimedes – invented the Archimedes' screw
Charles Steen
Daniel Guggenheim
Ed Schieffelin
George Stephenson – inventor of the Geordie lamp
Henry Beecher Dierdorff – American inventor of mining equipment
Herbert Hoover, engineer and writer on mining engineering (later President of the United States)
Horace Austin Warner Tabor
Humphry Davy – inventor of the Davy lamp
Meyer Guggenheim
Paddy Martinez
William Boyce Thompson
William Reid Clanny – inventor of the first safety lamp




See also


Billy Elliot
Brassed Off
Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation
European Route of Industrial Heritage
Environmental impact of mining
Mining
National Coal Mining Museum for England
National Mining Hall of Fame
Salt-concrete
Scientific drilling
Well drilling
Water mining
Automated mining




External links



Mining Journal
Introduction to Mining
What is mining?

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