• Source: Outline of the Troubles

      • The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Troubles.
      The Troubles – historical ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England, and mainland Europe.


      Main articles




      Paramilitaries


      Laws in both the Republic of Ireland and the UK proscribe (ban) membership of a number of Irish republican and Ulster loyalist groups. Several other smaller paramilitary factions have appeared throughout the Troubles, and some groups have used cover-names to deflect responsibility for attacks.
      In this context, operational refers to the period during which the 'official' paramilitary campaign was conducted.


      = Republicans

      =

      Umbrella groups

      Irish Republican Socialist Movement
      Provisional Republican Movement


      = Loyalists

      =

      Umbrella groups

      Ulster Army Council (UAC)
      Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee (ULCCC)
      Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC)


      = Cover names used by paramilitaries

      =
      Protestant Action Force – Used by the UVF to claim sectarian attacks.
      South Armagh Republican Action Force – Used by the PIRA's South Armagh Brigade to claim sectarian attacks in the mid-1970s
      Catholic Reaction Force – Used by the INLA to claim sectarian attacks.
      Armagh People's Republican Army & People's Liberation Army – was used by the INLA to claim some of their earliest attacks, mostly in 1975.
      Ulster Freedom Fighters – Used by the UDA to claim violent attacks.
      Red Hand Brigade – Was used as a cover by the Glenanne gang members who carried out the Dublin and Monaghan bombings in May 1974.


      = Periods of activity

      =
      In the table below:

      The period of activity for republican groups is shown in green.
      The period of activity for loyalist groups is shown in orange.
      The period of ceasefire is shown in grey.


      State security forces




      = United Kingdom

      =
      British Army
      Territorial Army
      Force Research Unit
      Military Reaction Force
      Royal Air Force
      Royal Navy
      Metropolitan Police
      MI5
      GCHQ
      Secret Intelligence Service


      Northern Ireland


      Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)
      RUC Special Branch
      Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) – to 30 April 1970
      Northern Ireland Prison Service (NIPS)
      Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) – from 1 January 1970 to 30 June 1992
      Royal Irish Regiment (RIR) – from 1 July 1992


      = Republic of Ireland

      =
      Irish Army
      Garda Síochána (police)


      Political parties


      Listing includes brief summary of ideology and position on the Good Friday Agreement 1998.


      = Irish nationalist

      =


      Pro-Agreement


      Sinn Féin (SF). President: Mary Lou MacDonald. Militant nationalist. Associated with the Provisional IRA. Translation from Irish: "We Ourselves".
      The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). Leader: Colum Eastwood. Moderate centre-left nationalist.
      The Workers' Party (WP). Leadership Disputed between Michael McCorry and Ted Tynan. Marxist nationalist. Formerly Official Sinn Féin.


      Anti-Agreement


      The Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP). Militant socialist nationalist. Political wing of INLA. Have been on ceasefire since 1998.
      Republican Sinn Féin (RSF). President: Seosamh Ó Maoileoin. Militant nationalist. Associated with the Continuity IRA.
      The 32 County Sovereignty Movement (32CSM). President: Francis Mackey. Militant nationalist. Associated with the Real IRA.
      The Republican Network for Unity (RNU). Militant nationalist. Accused by Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) of being the political wing of Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group), however this is rejected by both groups.


      Others


      Fianna Fáil
      Fine Gael
      Green Party
      Renua


      = Unionist

      =


      Pro-Agreement


      The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Leader: Jeffrey Donaldson. Radical populist unionist. Originally anti-Agreement.
      The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). Leader: Doug Beattie. Moderate conservative unionist.
      The Progressive Unionist Party (PUP). Leader: Russell Watton. Moderate centre-left unionist. Political wing of Ulster Volunteer Force.
      The Conservative Party also organises and contests elections in Northern Ireland. Moderate unionist.


      Anti-Agreement


      Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV). Leader: Jim Allister. Old school loyalist.


      = Other

      =
      The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. Leader: Naomi Long. Liberal cross-community. Pro-Agreement
      The Green Party. Environmentalist. Pro-Agreement.
      Ulster Third Way. Supports Northern Ireland independence.


      Political structures




      = Northern Ireland government

      =
      1921–1972

      Governor
      Prime Minister
      Cabinet
      1998–

      First Minister and deputy First Minister
      Executive


      = Northern Ireland legislatures

      =
      1921–1972

      The Parliament of Northern Ireland:

      House of Commons
      Senate
      1972–1998

      The Northern Ireland Assembly (1973–1974)
      The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention (1975–1976)
      The Northern Ireland Assembly (1982–1986)
      The Northern Ireland Forum (1996–1998)
      1998–

      The Northern Ireland Assembly


      = Republic of Ireland government

      =
      Taoiseach (prime minister)
      Department of Defence
      Department of Foreign Affairs
      Dáil Éireann (assembly)
      Seanad Éireann (senate)


      = United Kingdom government

      =
      Prime Minister
      The Ministry of Defence (MOD)
      The Northern Ireland Office (NIO)
      The House of Commons
      The House of Lords
      The Northern Ireland Affairs Committee (House of Commons)
      The Northern Ireland Grand Committee (House of Commons)


      Peace process




      = Co-operative bodies

      =
      British–Irish Council (BIC)
      British–Irish Inter-Parliamentary Body
      North/South Ministerial Council (NSMC)


      = Key steps in the peace process

      =
      Sunningdale Agreement (1973)
      Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985)
      Downing Street Declaration (1993) and principle of consent
      Establishment of the IICD (1997)
      Belfast Agreement (1998)
      Amendment of Articles 2 and 3 (1999)
      Establishment of the Independent Monitoring Commission (2003)
      IRA ceasefire and decommissioning (2005)
      St Andrews Agreement (2006)


      Cultural and religious organisations




      = Religious

      =
      Roman Catholic Church in Ireland
      Church of Ireland (Anglican)
      Presbyterian Church in Ireland
      Methodist Church in Ireland
      Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster


      = Sporting

      =
      The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA)


      = Politico-religious fraternal organisations

      =


      Unionist/Protestant


      The Apprentice Boys of Derry
      The Orange Institution
      The Independent Orange Order
      The Royal Black Institution


      Nationalist/Catholic


      The Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH)


      References

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