- Source: Paleobiota of the London Clay
A list of prehistoric and extant species whose fossils have been found in the London Clay, which underlies large areas of southeast England.
Plant fossils, especially seeds and fruits, are found in abundance and have been collected from the London Clay for almost 300 years. Some 350 named species of plant have been found, making the London Clay flora one of the world's most diverse for fossil seeds and fruits. The flora includes plant types found today in tropical forests of Asia and demonstrates the much warmer climate of the Eocene epoch, with plants such as Nypa (Nipah palms) and other palms being frequently encountered. The following plants list is incomplete and is based on the research by Marjorie Chandler. and research works done by the paleobotanist Steven R. Manchester and by professor of plant palaeobiology Margaret Collinson.
Plants
= Pteridophytes
=Pteridaceae
Acrostichum – mangrove fern
Pteris sp. - brake
Vittaria sp. – shoestring fern, similar to Vittaria lineata
Cyatheaceae – scaly tree fern
Cyathea sp. – similar to Cyathea delgadii
Thyrsopteridaceae
Thyrsopteris sp. – similar to Thyrsopteris elegans
Osmundaceae
Osmunda sp. – similar to Osmunda javanica
Dryopteridaceae – wood fern, male fern
Dryopteris sp.
Athyriaceae
Diplazium sp. - similar to Diplazium smithianum
Onocleaceae
Onoclea sp. – similar to Onoclea sensibilis (the sensitive fern)
Nephrolepidaceae – macho ferns
Nephrolepis sp.
Salviniaceae – water ferns
Azolla
Marsilea – water clover
Marsilea sp. - similar to Marsilea quadrifolia
= Lycopodiophytes
=Lycopodiaceae – clubmosses
Lycopodium sp.
Phylloglossum sp. – similar to Phylloglossum drummondii (pygmy clubmoss)
= Gymnosperms
=Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo sp.
Cycadaceae
Cycas sp. - similar to Cycas schumanniana
Zamiaceae
Zamia sp. – similar to Zamia pumila
Araucariaceae – monkey puzzle, bunya pine, and Norfolk pine
Agathis sp. - similar to Agathis dammara
†Araucarites spp.
†Doliostrobus stenbergi - fossils in the past named †Araucarites are said to be of this genus, it is now placed in its own family, †Doliostrobaceae.
Pinaceae
Pinus spp.
Taxaceae
?Taxaceae indet.
†Cephalotaxus bowerbanki – plum yew
Torreya sp.
Cupressaceae
†Callitris curta (Callitrites curta) – cypress pine
†Cupressinites spp.
Libocedrus adpressa
†Quasisequoia sp.
Sequoia couttsiae
Widdringtonia sp. – African cypresses
Podocarpaceae
Afrocarpus sp. – similar to Afrocarpus falcatus (common yellowwood)
Podocarpus argillaelondinensis?
Podocarpus sp. – similar to Podocarpus elatus (plum pine)
Podocarpus sp. – similar to Podocarpus novae-caledoniae
Podocarpus sp. – similar to Podocarpus nubigenus (Chilean podocarp, cloud podocarp)
Prumnopitys sp. – similar to Prumnopitys andina (the Chilean plum yew)
= Angiosperms
=Arecaceae – palms
†Caryotispermum cantiense
Corypha sp.
Livistona minima
Nypa burtini (syn. Nipa burtini)
Oncosperma anglica
†Palmospermum bracknellense
†Palmospermum cooperi
†Palmospermum davisi
†Palmospermum elegans
†Palmospermum jenkinsi
†Palmospermum minutum
†Palmospermum ornatum
†Palmospermum ovale
†Palmospermum subglobulare
Sabal grandisperma
Serenoa sp.
?Trachycarpus sp.
Cyclanthaceae
Cyclanthus lakensis
Cyperaceae - sedges
†Caricoidea obovata
†Polycarpella caespitosa
Posidoniaceae - seagrass family
Posidonia parisiensis
Nymphaeaceae – water lilies
†Protobarclaya eocenica
Victoria sp - similar to Victoria cruziana
Magnoliaceae
Liriodendron gardneri - tulip tree
Magnolia angusta
Magnolia crassa
Magnolia davisi
Magnolia lata
Magnolia lobata
Magnolia oblonga
Magnolia pygmaea
Magnolia rugosa
Magnolia subquadrangularis
Magnolia symmetrica
Myristicaceae - nutmeg family
†Myristicacarpum chandlerae
Annonaceae - the custard apple family
Alphonsea sp.
†Anonaspermum anonijorme - related to the genera Anonna and Polyalthia, most similar species is Annona muricata
†Anonaspermum cerebellatum - Uvaria, Melodorum and Orophea shows closest resemblance to the fossil
†Anonaspermum commune
†Anonaspermum complanatum - related to Anonna and Melodorum
†Anonaspermum corrugatum - related to the genera Anonna and Melodorum
†Anonaspermum minimum - related to Dasymaschalon clusiflorum
†Anonaspermum obscurum
†Anonaspermum ovale - related to the genera Anonna and Melodorum
†Anonaspermum pulchrum - related to Dasymaschalon clusiflorum
†Anonaspermum punctatum - related to the genera Bocagea, Orophea, Unonopsis, and Guatteria
†Anonaspermum rotundatum - distantly related to Polyauhia
†Anonaspermum rugosum
†Anonaspermum subcompressum
Asimina sp. - similar to Asimina reticulata
Orophea sp.
Polyalthia sp.
Rollinia sp.
Uvaria sp.
Lauraceae – avocado and cinnamon family
Beilschmiedia bognorensis
Beilschmiedia eocenica
Beilschmiedia gigantea
Beilschmiedia oviformis
Beilschmiedia pyriformis
Cinnamomum grande
Cinnamomum globulare
Cinnamomum oblongum
Cinnamomum ovoideum
†Crowella globosa
Endiandra spp.
†Laurocalyx bowerbanki
†Laurocalyx dubius
†Laurocalyx fibrotorulosus
†Laurocalyx globularis
†Laurocalyx magnus
†Laurocarpum crassum
†Laurocarpum cupuliferum
†Laurocarpum davisi
†Laurocarpum inornatum
†Laurocarpum minimum
†Laurocarpum minutissimum
†Laurocarpum ovoideum
†Laurocarpum paradoxum
†Laurocarpum proteum
†Laurocarpum pyrocarpum
†Laurocarpum sheppeyense
Litsea pyriformis
Ocotea sp.
†Protoaltingia europaea
†Protoravensara sheppeyensis
Aristolochiaceae - birthwort family
Aristolochia sp.
Schisandraceae
Illicium sp. - similar to Illicium floridanum
Dilleniaceae
Hibbertia bognorensis
Tetracera? cantiensis
Tetracera crofti
Tetracera eocenica
Platanaceae – sycamore or plane tree
†Plataninium decipiens
Proteaceae
Dryandra acutiloba
Fagaceae – beech, oak and chestnut family
†Quercinium pasanioides
Betulaceae – birch, alder and hornbeams
Alnus richardsoni (syn. Petrophiloides richardsoni) – an alder
Ticodendraceae
†Ferrignocarpus bivalvis
Myricaceae - wax-myrtle, bayberry family
Myrica boveyana
Juglandaceae – walnut, hickory and pecan family
†Juglandicarya bognorensis
†Juglandicarya cooperi
†Juglandicarya depressa - the most common Juglandacarya species in the London Clay
†Juglandicarya lubbocki
†Juglandicarya minuta
†Petrophiloides richardsoni - among the two most abundant Juglandaceae species in the London Clay
†Pterocaryopsis bognorensis - related to the genus Pterocarya
Trochodendraceae
Trochodendron pauciseminum
Haloragaceae
†Haloragicarya sp.
Sabiaceae
†Bognoria venablesi
Meliosma cantiensis
Meliosma jenkinsi
Meliosma sheppeyensis
Menispermaceae – moon seed family
†Bowerbankella tiliacoroidea
†Davisicarpum gibbosum
Diploclisia bognorensis
†Eohypserpa parsonsi
†Frintonia ornata
Hypserpa sp.
Jatrorrhiza sp.
†Menispermicarpum rariforme
†Menispermoxylon - close to the extant genus Tinomiscium
†Microtinomiscium foveolatum
†Palaeococculus lakensis
†Palaeosinomenium pulchrum
†Tinomiscoidea scaphiformis
Tinospora excavata
†Wardenia davisi
Cardiopteridaceae
Citronella sp.
Torricelliaceae
Toricellia sp. - very similar to Torricellia bonesii from the Clarno Formation of Oregon
Hamamelidaceae – witch-hazel family
Corylopsis? bognorensis
Corylopsis? latisperma
Corylopsis venablesi
†Jenkinsella sp.
†Protoaltingia europaea
Altingiaceae
Altingia sp.
Liquidambar palaeocenica - sweetgum
Oleaceae
Fraxinus sp.
Styracaceae
Styrax sp.
Theaceae
Camellia sp. - tea
Gordonia sp.
Stewartia sp.
Pentaphylacaceae
Eurya sp.
Symplocaceae – sapphire-berry, sweet leaf.
Symplocos curvata
Symplocos quadrilocularis
Symplocos trilocularis
Symplocos bognorensis
Ericaceae
?Leucopogon quadrilocularis
Lissanthe sp.
Rhododendron sp.
Sapotaceae
†Sapoticarpum rotundatum
†Sapoticarpum latum
†Sapoticarpum duhium
†Sapotispermum sheppeyense - allied to Chrysophyllum and Sideroxylon
Bataceae - saltwort or beachwort
Batis sp. - similar to Batis maritima
Myrtaceae
†Hightea elliptica
†Hightea turgida
†Myrtospermum variabile
†Palaeorhodomyrtus subangulata - allied to Rhodomyrtus
Staphyleaceae
?Tapiscia sp. - bladdernut
Fabaceae
Acacia sp. – similar to Vachellia farnesiana
Caesalpinia sp. - seed pods very similar to seed pods of C. claibornensis from the middle Eocene of Tennessee
Dalbergia sp.
†Leguminocarpon gardneri - seed pods most compatible to seed pods of species in Caesalpinia and Peltogyne
†Leguminocarpon nervosum
†Mimosites browniana
Rosaceae
Rubus sp.
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus sp. - oleaster, silverberry
Myrsinaceae
Ardisia eocenica
Rhizophoraceae - mangrove
Ceriops sp.
†Palaeobruguiera elongata
†Palaeobruguiera lata
Salicaceae
Oncoba variabilis
†Oncobella sp.
† Saxifragispermum spinosissimum
Linaceae
†Decaplatyspermum bowerbanki
†Wetherellia variahilis - related to Hugonia
Nyctaginaceae - the four o'clock family
Pisonia sp. - the birdcatcher tree
Olacaceae
Erythropalum europaeum - Only one extant species of this genus which is a scandent shrubs or liana
Erythropalum jenkinsi
Erythropalum turbinatum
Olax depressa
Lamiaceae
Satureja sp.
Boraginaceae
Ehretia clausentia
Ehretia ehretioides
Heliotropium sp.
Solanaceae
†Cantisolanum daturoides
Datura sp. - similar to Datura ferox
Datura sp. - similar to Datura metel
Apocynaceae - the dogbane family
Allamanda sp.
†Ochrosella ovalis
†Ochrosoidea sheppeyensis
Burseraceae - the incense tree family
Boswellia sp.
†Bursericarpum aldwickense
†Bursericarpum bognorense
†Bursericarpum ovale
†Bursericarpum venablesi
†Palaeobursera bognorensis
†Protocommiphora europaea
Anacardiaceae
Choerospondias sheppeyensis
Dracontomelon minimum
Dracontomelon subglobosum
Lannea europaea
Lannea jenkinsi
†Lobaticarpum variabile
Mangifera sp. - mango
Odina europaea
Odina jenkinsi
Odina subreniformis
Poupartia sp.
†Pseudosclerocarya subalata
†Spondiaecarpon operculatum - according to several botanists, the pyritized specimens, originally described as Spondiaecarpon operculatum, represent locule casts of Torricellia sp.
†Xylocarya sp.
Onagraceae
†Palaeeucharidium cellulare - allied to Eucharidium
Lythraceae
†Cranmeria trilocularis
†Minsterocarpum alatum - closely related to the crape myrtle or crepe myrtle genus Lagerstroemia
†Pachyspermum quinqueloculare
†Tamesicarpum polyspermum
Malvaceae
†Cantitilia polysperma
Elaeocarpaceae
†Echinocarpus sheppeyensis
Moraceae – mulberry and fig family
Artocarpus sp. – breadfruit
Ficus sp. – fig
Maclura sp.
?Morus sp.
Urticaceae
†Urticicarpum scutellum
Euphorbiaceae - the spurge family
Aleurites sp.
Croton sp.
Euphorbia sp. – similar to Euphorbia cotinifolia
†Euphorbiospermum bognorense
†Euphorbiospermum cooperi
†Euphorbiospermum eocenicum
†Euphorbiospermum obliquum
†Euphorbiospermum subglobulare
†Euphorbiospermum subovoideum
†Euphorbiospermum venablesi
†Euphorbiotheca minima
†Euphorbiotheca sheppeyensis
†Lagenoidea bilocularis
†Lagenoidea trilocularis
Manihot sp. – cassava
†Wetherellia variabilis
Cucurbitaceae - the gourd family
†Cucurbitospermum cooperi
†Cucurbitospermum equiaelaterale
†Cucurbitospermum sheppeyense
†Cucurbitospermum triangulare
Vitaceae
Ampelopsis sp.
†Palaeovitis sp.
Tetrastigma corrugata
Tetrastigma davisi
Tetrastigma elliotti
Tetrastigma sheppeyensis:*†Vitacexoylon sp. - close to the extant genus Rhoicissus
Vitis bilobata
Vitis bognorensis
Vitis bracknellensis
Vitis elegans
Vitis longisulcata
Vitis magnisperma
Vitis obovoidea
Vitis platyformis
Vitis pygmaea
Vitis rectisulcata
Vitis semenlabruscoides
Vitis subglobosa
Vitis venablesi
Sapindaceae – soapberry
Atalaya sp. – similar to Atalaya variifolia from Australia
†Cupanoides grandis - related to Cupania
†Cupanoides tumidus - related to Cupania
†Palaeallophylus minimus
†Palaeallophyllus ovoideus
†Palaeallophylus rotundatus
†Palaealectryon spirale
†Sapindospermum cooperi
†Sapindospermum davisi
†Sapindospermum grande
†Sapindospermum jenkinsi
†Sapindospermum ovoideum
†Sapindospermum revolutum
†Sapindospermum subovatum
Toechima sp.
Meliaceae - the mahogany family
Cedrela sp.
†Melicarya variabili
Toona sulcata
Rutaceae - the rue family
†Canticarya gracilis
†Canticarya ovalis
†Canticarya sheppeyensis
†Canticarya ventricosa
†Caxtonia elongata
†Caxtonia glandulosa
†Caxtonia rutacaeformis
†Citrispermum sheppeyense
†Clausenispermum dubium
†Eozanthoxylon glandulosum
Euodia costata
†Rutaspermum bognorense
†Rutaspermum minimum
†Shrubsolea jenkinsi
†Zanthoxylon compression
†Zanthoxylon bognorense
Celastraceae - the staff vine or bittersweet family
†Canticarpum celastroides
Catha sp. – most similar to Catha edulis (Khat)
†Cathispermum pulchrum
†Celastrinoxylon ramunculiformis
Sterculiaceae
Dombeya sp.
†Sphinxia ovalis
Cornaceae
†Beckettia mastixioides
Cornus ettingshausenii
†Dunstania ettinghauseni
†Dunstania multilocularis
†Langtonia bisulcata
†Lanfrancia subglobosa
Mastixia cantiensis
Mastixia grandis
Mastixia parva
†Portnallia bognorensis
†Portnallia sheppeyensis
Nyssaceae - the tupelo family
Nyssa bilocularis
Nyssa cooperi
†Palaeonyssa multilocularis
Curtisiaceae
Curtisia quadrilocularis
Alangiaceae
Alangium jenkinsi
Icacinaceae
†Faboidea crassicutis
†Icacinicarya amygadaloidea
†Icacinicarya bartonensis
†Icacinicarya becktonensis
†Icacinicarya bognorensis
†Icacinicarya echinata
†Icacinicarya elegans
†Icacinicarya emarginata
†Icacinicarya forbesii
†Icacinicarya foveolata
†Icacinicarya glabra
†Icacinicarya inornata
†Icacinicarya jenkinsi
†Icacinicarya minima
†Icacinicarya mucronata
†Icacinicarya nodulifera
†Icacinicarya ovalis
†Icacinicarya ovoidea
†Icacinicarya platycarpa
†Icacinicarya pygmaea
†Icacinicarya reticulata
†Icacinicarya rotundata
†Icacinicarya transversalis
Iodes acutiform
Iodes bilinica
Iodes corniculata
Iodes davisii
Iodes eocenica
Iodes multireticulata
Mappia sp.
Miquelia sp.
Natsiatum eocenicum
†Palaeophytocrene ambigua
†Palaeophytocrene foveolata
†Perforatocarpum echinatum
†Sphaeriodes ventricosa
†Stizocarya communis
Animals
Animal fossils include bivalves, gastropods, nautilus, worm tubes, brittle stars and starfish, crabs, lobsters, fish (including shark and ray teeth), reptiles (particularly turtles), and a large diversity of birds. A few mammal remains have also been recorded. Preservation varies; articulated skeletons are generally rare. Of fish, isolated teeth are very frequent. Bird bones are not infrequently encountered compared to other lagerstätten, but usually occur as single bones and are often broken.
The following fauna species list follows Clouter (2007).
= Vertebrates
=Mammals
Argillotherium
Coryphodon eocaenus – a pantodont
Hyracotherium – a palaeothere
Oxyaena – a creodont
Platychoerops richardsoni - from Herne Bay, a primate belonging to the order Plesiadapiformes
Birds
Anatalavis oxfordi – a waterbird possibly related to the magpie-goose of Australia
Archaeodromus - an archaeotrogonid
Argillipes – perhaps a landfowl
Coturnipes – a quail-like bird
Danielsraptor – a masillaraptorid falconiform, closely related to Masillaraptor
Dasornis' – a pseudotooth bird
Eocolius – a coliiform
Eostrix – an owl
Gastornis – from the Isle of Grain, a very large flightless galloansere
Halcyornis – a parrot or roller relative
Lithornis – a paleognath
Lutavis – a possible afroavian
Nasidytes – a loon
Odontopteryx – a pseudotooth bird
Parvigyps – perhaps a diurnal raptor
Pediorallus – a paleognath or landfowl
Percolinus – perhaps a landfowl
"Precursor" – apparently a chimera of Charadriiformes and Psittaciformes (and possibly other) bones
Primapus – a swift-like bird
Primodroma – a tubenose, possibly a storm-petrel
Promusophaga – a paleognath
Prophaeton – a tropicbirds relative
Proherodius – a waterbird
Proplegadis – a stork or ibis
Pseudodontornis – a pseudotooth bird
Psittacomimus – a psittacopedid, closely related to Parapsittacopes
Pulchrapollia – a parrot relative
Stintonornis – probably a hawk relative
Tynskya – a messelasturid related to passerines and parrots
Waltonavis – a possible leptosomiform
Ypresiglaux – a basal strigiform
Reptiles
Crocodylians
Diplocynodon – an alligatoroid
Kentisuchus spenceri – a crocodylid
Snakes
Palaeophis toliapicus and P. typhaeus
Turtles and tortoises
Allaeochelys – a pig-nosed turtle
Argillochelys, Eochelone, Puppigerus and "Thalassochelys" sp. – true sea-turtles
Chrysemys bicarinata and C. testudiniformis – pond turtles
Eosphargis – a leatherback sea-turtle
Homopus comptoni – a tortoise
Lytoloma crassicostatum and L. planimentum – prehistoric sea-turtles
Palemys bowerbanki – a bothremydid
Trionyx pustulatus and T. sp. – softshell turtles
Dacochelys and Pseudotrionyx – incertae sedis
Bony fish
Acestrus elongatus, A. ornatus, Aglyptorhynchus sulcatus, A. venablasi, Xiphiorhynchus parvus and X priscus – swordfish relatives
Acipenser toliapicus – a true sturgeon
Albula oweni – a bonefish
Ampheristus toliapicus – a scorpionfish
Ardiodus marriotti – incertae sedis
Argillichthys toombsi – a lizardfish relative
Aulopopsis depressifrons, A. egertoni and Labrophagus esocinus – flagfins
Beerichthys ingens and B. sp. – Two species of luvar or luvar-like fish
Bramoides brieni and Goniocranion arambourgi – pomfrets
Brychaetus muelleri – an arowana
Bucklandium diluvii – a naked catfish
Cylindracanthus rectus and Hemirhabdorhynchus elliotti – Blochiidae
Cymbium proosti, Eocoelopoma colei, E. curvatum, E. gigas, E. hopwoodi, Eothynnus salmoneus, Scombramphodon crassidens, S. sheppeyensis, Scombrinus macropomus, S. nuchalis, Sphyraenodus priscus, Tamesichthys decipiens, Wetherellus brevior, W. cristatus, W. longior and Woodwardella patellifrons – mackerel and tuna relatives
Diodon sp. – a porcupinefish
Egertonia isodonta and Phyllodus toliapicus – Phyllodontidae
Elops sp., Esocelops cavifrons, Megalops oblongus, M. priscus, Promegalops sheppeyensis and P. signeuxae – ladyfish
Enniskillenus radiatus – acanthomorph
Eutrichurides winkleri – a cutlassfish
Halecopsis insignis – Halecopsidae
Laparon alticeps – spadefish
Lehmanamia sheppeyensis – a bowfin
Myripristis toliapicus, Naupygus bucklandi and Paraberyx bowerbanki – soldierfish
Percostoma angustum, Plesioserranus cf. wemmeliensi and Serranopsis londinensis – groupers
Podocephalus curryi, P. nitidus, Sciaenuropsis turneri and Sciaenurus bowerbanki – porgies
Progempylus edwardsi – a snake mackerel
Pseudosphaerodon antiquus and P. navicularis – wrasses?
Pycnodus bowerbanki and P. toliapicus – Pychnodontidae
Rhinocephalus planiceps and Trichurides sagittidens – hakes
Rhynchorhinus branchialis and R. major – Eccelidae
Tetratichthys antiquitatis – a jack mackerel
Whitephippus tamensis – a lampriform
Cartilaginous fish
Abdounia beaugi, Carcharhinus sp. and Physogaleus secundus – requiem sharks
Aetobatis irregularis, Burnhamia daviesi, Myliobatis dixoni, M. latidens, M. raouxi and M. toliapicus – eagle rays
Anomotodon sheppeyensis – a goblin shark
Carcharias hopei, Jaekelotodus trigonalis, Odontaspis winkleri, Palaeohypotodus rutoti and Striatolamia macrota – sand sharks
Edaphodon bucklandi and Elasmodus hunteri – chimaeras
Dasyatis davisi and D. wochadunensis – stingrays
Galeorhinus lefevrei, G. minor, G. recticonus, G. ypresiensis, Mustelus whitei and Triakis wardi – hound sharks
Heterodontus vincenti, H. wardenensis and H. woodwardi – bullhead sharks
Hexanchus agassizi, H. collinsonae, H. hookeri, Notorhynchus serratissimus and Weltonia burnhamensis – cow sharks
Isisteus trituratus and Squalus minor – dogfish sharks
Isurolamna affinis, Isurus nova, I. praecursor, Lamna inflata, L. lerichei, Otodus obliquus, O. aksuaticus and Xiphodolamia eocaena – white sharks
Megascyliorhinus cooperi, Scyliorhinus casieri, S. gilberti, S. pattersoni and S. woodwardi – catsharks
Pararhincodon sp? – an indeterminate shark
Raja sp.? – an indeterminate ray
Squatina prima – an angel shark
= Crustaceans
=Lobsters and shrimp
Archiocarabus bowerbanki
Callianassa sp.
Homarus morrisi
Hoploparia gammaroides
Linuparus eocenicus & L. scyllariformis
Scyllarides tuberculatus
Scyllaridia koenigi
Thenops scyllariformis
Barnacles
Arcoscapellum quadratum
Scalpellum minutum and S. quadratum
Crabs
Basinotopus lamarckii Desmarest
Campylostoma mutatiforme
Cyclocorystes pulchellus
Dromilites bucklandi & D. lamarki
Glyphthyreus wetherelli
Goniochela angulata Desmarest
Harpactoxanthopsis cf. quadrilo
Mithracia libinioides
Oediosoma ambigua
Portunites incerta & P. stintoni
Xanthilites bowerbanki
Zanthopsis bispinosa, Z. dufori, Z. leachei, Z. nodosa and Z. unispinosa
Mantis shrimp
Squilla wetherelli
= Molluscs
=Cephalopods
Aturia ziczac, Cimomia imperialis, Deltoidonautilus sowerbyi, Euciphoceras regale, Eutrephoceras urbanum, Hercoglossa cassiniana and Simplicioceras centrale – nautiluses
Belopterina levesquei, Belosepia blainvillei and B. sepioidea – cuttlefish
Bivalves
Abra splendens – Semelidae
Amygdalum depressum and Modiolus tubicola – Mytilidae
Anomiidae
Anomia scabrosa – a jingle shell
Enigmonia aenigmatica – a jingle shell
Arca nitens, A. tumescens and Glycymeris wrigleyi – ark clams
Arctica planata – Arcticidae
Astarte davisi, A. filigera and A. rugata –
Astartidae
Calpitaria sulcataria – a venus clam
Corbula globosa – Corbulidae
Cuspidaria inflata and C. lamallosa – Cuspidariidae
Nuculana amygdaloides and N. prisca – Nuculanidae
Lentipecten corneus and Pecten sp. – scallops
Nemocardium nitens and N. semigranulatum – Cardiidae
Nucula consors – Nuculidae
Ostrea sp. – a true oysters
Pinna affinis – a pen shell
Pleurolectroma media and Pteria papyracea – pearl oysters
Pycnodonte gryphovicina – Pycnodontidae
Teredina personata and Teredo sp. – shipworms
Thyasira angulata – Thyasiridae
Thyasira goodhali – Thyasiridae
Venericardia trinobantium – Carditidae
Verticordia sulcata – Verticordiidae
Gastropods
Acrilla cymaea, Foratiscala perforata, Litoriniscala scalaroides and Undiscala primaeva – wentletraps
Aporrhais sowerbii and Eotibia lucida – true conchs
Bathytoma granata, B. turbida, Clavatula conica, Cochlespira gyrata, Conolithus concinnus, Endiatoma cerithiformis, Fusiturris selysi, F. simillima, F. wetherelli, Gemmula koninckii, Hemipleurotoma fasciolata, H. prestwichi, Pseudotoma topleyi, Surculites errans, S. velatus, Turricula crassa, T. helix, T. latimarginata, T. nanodis, T. symmetrica and T. teretrium – Conoidea
Bonellitia clathratum and B. laeviuscula – nutmeg shells
Bullinella sp., Crenilabium elongatum, ?Roxiana sp., Scaphander ?parisiensis and Tornatellaea simulata – opisthobranchs
Camptoceratops prisca, Spiratella mercinensis, S. taylori and S. tutelina – sea-butterflies
Cassis striata and Mambrina gallica – tun shells
Cepatia cepacea, Daphnobela juncea, Litiopa sulculosa, Orthochetus elongatus and Stellaxis pulcher – incertae sedis
Eocypraea oviformis – a cowrie
Euspira glaucinoides and Sinum clathratum – moon snails
Falsifusus londini, Fusinus coniferus, F. wetherelli, Pseudoneptunea curta, Siphonalia highgatensis, Streptolathyrus triliniatus, S. zonulatus, Wrigleya complanata and W. transversaria – true whelks
Ficopsis multiformis – a fig shell
Lacunella sp. – a periwinkle
Mathilda sororcula – Mathildidae
Murex subcristatus and Paziella argillacea – murex snails
Pachysyrnola sp. and Turbonilla subterranea – pyramid shells
Patella sp. – Patellidae
Ptychatractus aff. interuptus, Scaphella wetherelli and Volutospina nodosa – volutes
Rilla cf. tenuistriata – Streptaxidae
Ringicula turgida – Ringiculidae
Sassia morrisi – a triton shell
Sigapatella sp. – Calyptraeidae
Tornus sp. and Turboella cf. misera – Rissoidae
Xenophora extensum – a carrier shell
Tusk shells
Antalis anceps and A. nitens
= Echinoderms
=Asteropecten crispatus, Coulonia colei, Hemiaster bowerbanki, Hippasteria tuberculata, Ophioglypha wetherelli and Teichaster stokesii – starfish
Coelopleurus wetherelli, Micraster sp. and Schizaster sp. – sea urchins
Democrinus londinensis – crinoid
?Ophiacantha sp., Ophioglypha wetherelli, Ophiomusium sp. and Ophiura wetherelli – brittlestars
= Annelids
=Rotularia bognoriensis
Serpula trilineata
= Cnidarians
=Paracyathus brevis and P. caryophyllus – corals
Graphularia wetherelli – hydrozoan
= Other invertebrates
=Adenellopsis wetherelli, Aimulosia sp., Batopora clithridiata, Beisselina sp., Cribrilina sp., Didymosella sp., Dittosaria wetherelli, Entalophora sp., Idmonia sp., Lunulites sp., Nellia sp., Pachythecella incisa, Vibracellina sp. and Websteria crissioides – bryozoans
Hemiptera gen. et sp. indet. – true bug
Lingula tenuis, Terebratulina striatula and T. wardenensis – lampshells
Stelleta sp. – sponge
= Ichnofossils
=Ditrupa plana – polychaete worm tubes?
Scolithos
Notes
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Paleobiota of the London Clay
- Lutavis
- Danielsraptor
- Ypresiglaux
- Waltonavis
- Minutornis
- Lists of prehistoric animals
- Psittacomimus
- Paleobiota of the Green River Formation
- Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
