• Source: Parabolic arch

A parabolic arch is an arch in the shape of a parabola. In structures, their curve represents an efficient method of load, and so can be found in bridges and in architecture in a variety of forms.




Description






= The mathematics

=
While a parabolic arch may resemble a catenary arch, a parabola is a quadratic function while a catenary is the hyperbolic cosine, cosh(x), a sum of two exponential functions. One parabola is f(x) = x2 + 3x − 1, and hyperbolic cosine is cosh(x) = ⁠ex + e−x/2⁠. The curves are unrelated.




= The line of thrust

=
Unlike a catenary arch, the parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied above, the internal compression (see line of thrust) resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic curve. Of all arch types, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base. Also, it can span the widest area. It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans are needed.




= Compared to catenary arches

=
When an arch carries a uniformly distributed vertical load, the correct shape is a parabola. When an arch carries only its own weight, the best shape is a catenary.

A catenary, in blue, graphed against a parabola, in red












Uses






= In nature

=

A hen's egg can be fairly well described as two different paraboloids connected by part of an ellipse.




= Architectural examples

=

Self-supporting catenary arches appeared occasionally in ancient architecture, for examples in the main arch of the partially ruined Sassanian palace Taq Kasra (now in Iraq), the largest single-span vault of unreinforced brickwork in the world, and the beehive huts of southwestern Ireland. In the modern period, parabolic arches were first used extensively from the 1880s by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí, deriving them from catenary arched shapes, constructed of brick or stone, and culminating in the catenary based design of the famous Sagrada Familia. Other Catalan architects then used them into the 1920s, and they appeared occasionally in German expressionist architecture of the 1920s-30s. From the 1940s they gained a new popularity in reinforced concrete, including in shell concrete forms often as hyperbolic parabloids, especially by Felix Candela in Mexico and Oscar Niemeyer in Brazil, but they could be found around the world, especially for churches, in the 1950s and 60s. Since the 1990s Spanish designer Santiago Calatrava has frequently used parabolas for his signature roof structures and bridges. Structures that are self-supporting arches like the Sheffield Winter Garden are often closer to true catenaries.

Palau Güell, 1886–88, Barcelona, where Antonio Gaudi used parabolic arches in stone for the carriageway entrances, and in brick for the structure of the main hall.
Casa Milà, 1906, where Gaudi used brick parabolic arches support the attic roof, used as a laundry space.
Wrocław Market Hall, 1906-8, Richard Plüddemann and Heinrich Küster, internal structure
Celler modernista, 1921, part of Sant Cugat Museum, Catalonia, Spain, Cèsar Martinell i Brunet
Pinell de Brai Cooperative Winery, 1922, Pinell de Brai, Catalonia, Spain, Cèsar Martinell i Brunet
Former main post office, 1919–24, Utrecht, main hall, designed by J. Crouwel Jr.
St. Engelbert, Cologne, 1928−1932, by Dominikus Böhm
Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, 1943, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Oscar Neimeyer.
Church of La Purísima, 1943, Monterrey, Mexico, Enrique de la Mora
Cosmic Rays Pavilion, 1951, Felix Candela with Jorge González Reyna, UNAM, Mexico City
Memorial Cenotaph, 1952, Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, Kenzō Tange.
Church of St Mary and St Joseph, Poplar, 1954, London, United Kingdom, Adrian Gilbert Scott
St Leonard's Church, 1955, St Leonards on Sea, United Kingdom, Adrian Gilbert Scott
Dorton Arena 1957, Raleigh
St Mary's Star of the Sea Cathedral, 1958–62, Darwin, Australia, architect Ian Ferrier
Toast Rack (building) (originally Domestic Trades College, Manchester Polytechnic) 1960, Fallowfield, Manchester, United Kingdom, city architect, Leonard Cecil Howitt
Theme Building, 1961, Los Angeles International Airport, Pereira & Luckman Architects, Paul Williams and Welton Becket
Priory Chapel, Saint Louis Abbey, 1962, Creve Coeur, St. Louis, Missouri, United States, Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum (HOK), with Pier Luigi Nervi
Gateway Arch, 1960-5, St Louis, a tall freestanding catenary arch designed by Eero Saarinen
Allen Lambert Galleria, 1992, Toronto, Canada, Santiago Calatrava
L'Umbracle (catenary shade house) 2001, Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències (City of Arts and Sciences), Valencia, Spain, Santiago Calatrava
L'Oceanogràfic aquarium, 2003, Valencia, Spain, Felix Candela.
Sheffield Winter Garden (catenary), 2003, Sheffield, UK, Pringle Richards Sharratt Architects and Buro Happold
Fjordenhus, 2018, Vejle Fjord, Denmark, Olafur Eliasson and Sebastian Behmann




= Bridges

=

Bridges have used a variety of arches since ancient times, sometimes in very flat segmental arched forms but rarely in the form of a parabola. A simple hanging rope bridge describes a catenary, but if they were in the form of a suspension bridges they usually describe a parabola in shape, with the roadway hanging from the inverted arch. Modern suspension bridges were built from the early 19th century, beginning with chains and progressing to more and more elegant steel rope examples, and are still in use today. Parabolic arches that support the roadway from below (or in the form of a through arch) first appeared in the 1870s, and have been used occasionally ever since; examples include:
Maria Pia Bridge, Gustave Eiffel and Théophile Seyrig, Porto, Portugal, a railway bridge built in 1877.
Garabit viaduct, near Ruynes-en-Margeride, Cantal, France, designed by Gustave Eiffel, and built between 1882 and 1884.
Dell Bridge (footbridge), 1894, Port Sunlight, Wirral, England.
Puente Nuevo, 1903, Murcia, Spain, civil engineer José María Ortiz
Viaduc d'Austerlitz, 1903-4, Paris, engineers Louis Biette and Fulgence Bienvenüe, architect Jean-Camille Formigé
16th Street Bridge, 1905-10, Washington DC, the first parabolic arched bridge in the US.
Victoria Falls Bridge, 1904-5, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
Memorial Bridge, 1920, Springfield, Massachusetts
Tyne Bridge, 1928, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Cape Creek Bridge, 1931, Lane County, Oregon, United States, engineer Conde McCullough
Bayonne Bridge, 1931, Bayonne, New Jersey, Othmar Ammann and architect Cass Gilbert
Bixby Creek Bridge, 1931-2, Big Sur, California, highway engineer C. H. Purcell and engineer F. W. Panhorst
Balclutha Road Bridge, 1933-35, Balclutha, South Otago, New Zealand
Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge, 2002, Brasilia, Brazil, Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde




See also


Arch bridge
Catenary arch
Catenoid
Dome
Gothic arch
Gothic architecture
Lancet arch
Lancet window
Mathematics and architecture
Musgum mud huts
Nubian vault
Overhead line
Simple suspension bridge
Steel catenary riser
Stressed ribbon bridge
Suspension bridge
Truss arch bridge
Vault (architecture)
Voussoir




References






External links



On why suspension bridges are parabolic
Many parabolic arches
One the difference between a parabola and a catenary
On parabolic versus catenary arches
On a variety of curves, parabolas, catenaries, hyperbolas, and ellipses
YouTube video
Another Youtube video




Bibliography


Gimeno Díaz de Atauri, Jorge; Gutiérrez Andrés, Juan (2001), El Puente de la Pólvora y otros puentes, Murcia: Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puentes. Demarcación Murcia, ISBN 978-84-607-3209-9

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Parabolic arch
• Catenary arch
• Tacna Parabolic Arch
• Parabola
• Arch
• Kingdom Centre
• Arch dam
• Parabola (disambiguation)
• Semicircular arch
• Arch bridge