- Source: Perpendicular bisector construction of a quadrilateral
In geometry, the perpendicular bisector construction of a quadrilateral is a construction which produces a new quadrilateral from a given quadrilateral using the perpendicular bisectors to the sides of the former quadrilateral. This construction arises naturally in an attempt to find a replacement for the circumcenter of a quadrilateral in the case that is non-cyclic.
Definition of the construction
Suppose that the vertices of the quadrilateral
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
are given by
Q
1
,
Q
2
,
Q
3
,
Q
4
{\displaystyle Q_{1},Q_{2},Q_{3},Q_{4}}
. Let
b
1
,
b
2
,
b
3
,
b
4
{\displaystyle b_{1},b_{2},b_{3},b_{4}}
be the perpendicular bisectors of sides
Q
1
Q
2
,
Q
2
Q
3
,
Q
3
Q
4
,
Q
4
Q
1
{\displaystyle Q_{1}Q_{2},Q_{2}Q_{3},Q_{3}Q_{4},Q_{4}Q_{1}}
respectively. Then their intersections
Q
i
(
2
)
=
b
i
+
2
b
i
+
3
{\displaystyle Q_{i}^{(2)}=b_{i+2}b_{i+3}}
, with subscripts considered modulo 4, form the consequent quadrilateral
Q
(
2
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(2)}}
. The construction is then iterated on
Q
(
2
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(2)}}
to produce
Q
(
3
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(3)}}
and so on.
An equivalent construction can be obtained by letting the vertices of
Q
(
i
+
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i+1)}}
be the circumcenters of the 4 triangles formed by selecting combinations of 3 vertices of
Q
(
i
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i)}}
.
Properties
1. If
Q
(
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)}}
is not cyclic, then
Q
(
2
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(2)}}
is not degenerate.
2. Quadrilateral
Q
(
2
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(2)}}
is never cyclic. Combining #1 and #2,
Q
(
3
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(3)}}
is always nondegenrate.
3. Quadrilaterals
Q
(
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)}}
and
Q
(
3
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(3)}}
are homothetic, and in particular, similar. Quadrilaterals
Q
(
2
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(2)}}
and
Q
(
4
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(4)}}
are also homothetic.
3. The perpendicular bisector construction can be reversed via isogonal conjugation. That is, given
Q
(
i
+
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i+1)}}
, it is possible to construct
Q
(
i
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i)}}
.
4. Let
α
,
β
,
γ
,
δ
{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta }
be the angles of
Q
(
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)}}
. For every
i
{\displaystyle i}
, the ratio of areas of
Q
(
i
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i)}}
and
Q
(
i
+
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i+1)}}
is given by
(
1
/
4
)
(
cot
(
α
)
+
cot
(
γ
)
)
(
cot
(
β
)
+
cot
(
δ
)
)
.
{\displaystyle (1/4)(\cot(\alpha )+\cot(\gamma ))(\cot(\beta )+\cot(\delta )).}
5. If
Q
(
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)}}
is convex then the sequence of quadrilaterals
Q
(
1
)
,
Q
(
2
)
,
…
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)},Q^{(2)},\ldots }
converges to the isoptic point of
Q
(
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)}}
, which is also the isoptic point for every
Q
(
i
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i)}}
. Similarly, if
Q
(
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)}}
is concave, then the sequence
Q
(
1
)
,
Q
(
0
)
,
Q
(
−
1
)
,
…
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)},Q^{(0)},Q^{(-1)},\ldots }
obtained by reversing the construction converges to the Isoptic Point of the
Q
(
i
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(i)}}
's.
6. If
Q
(
1
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(1)}}
is tangential then
Q
(
2
)
{\displaystyle Q^{(2)}}
is also tangential.
References
J. Langr, Problem E1050, Amer. Math. Monthly, 60 (1953) 551.
V. V. Prasolov, Plane Geometry Problems, vol. 1 (in Russian), 1991; Problem 6.31.
V. V. Prasolov, Problems in Plane and Solid Geometry, vol. 1 (translated by D. Leites)
D. Bennett, Dynamic geometry renews interest in an old problem, in Geometry Turned On, (ed. J. King), MAA Notes 41, 1997, pp. 25–28.
J. King, Quadrilaterals formed by perpendicular bisectors, in Geometry Turned On, (ed. J. King), MAA Notes 41, 1997, pp. 29–32.
G. C. Shephard, The perpendicular bisector construction, Geom. Dedicata, 56 (1995) 75–84.
A. Bogomolny, Quadrilaterals formed by perpendicular bisectors, Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles, http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/PerpBisectQuadri.shtml.
B. Grünbaum, On quadrangles derived from quadrangles—Part 3, Geombinatorics 7(1998), 88–94.
O. Radko and E. Tsukerman, The Perpendicular Bisector Construction, the Isoptic Point and the Simson Line of a Quadrilateral, Forum Geometricorum 12: 161–189 (2012).
External links
Perpendicular-Bisectors of Circumscribed Quadrilateral Theorem at Dynamic Geometry Sketches, interactive dynamic geometry sketches.
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