• Source: Postbiotic

Postbiotics - also known as metabiotics, biogenics, or simply metabolites - are soluble factors (metabolic products or byproducts), secreted by live bacteria, or released after bacterial lysis providing physiological benefits to the host.
However, this term is sometimes also used with regards to paraprobiotics - immobilised probiotics, which when ingested, may have the ability to exert positive biological responses and restore intestinal homeostasis in a similar manner to probiotics.
Paraprobiotics are currently being referred to as modified, inactivated, non-viable, para- or ghost probiotics. Probiotics are widely used and accepted in many countries in clinical practice. Paraprobiotics, the immobilised version of probiotics are gaining traction in recent years due to the concerns about the possibility of low tolerance of probiotics, especially in paediatric populations and in severely ill or immunocompromised patients. Paraprobiotics seem to have similar beneficial properties as live probiotics with fewer of the constraints associated with unstable, diminishing bacteria.




Paraprobiotics types


Paraprobiotics could be generated using different methods:

Heat-inactivation (also includes tyndallisation)
Ultraviolet-inactivated
Chemical treatment (e.g. formalin)
Gamma-irradiation
Sonication
In most cases heat treatment is considered the method of choice for deactivating probiotic strains. The effect that different types of inactivation have on bacterial structure and components as well as the maintenance of probiotic properties requires further research.




Mechanism of action


The mechanisms of action for paraprobiotics is less understood, though the possible mechanisms include immune system regulation and interference with pathogen attachment to host cells. Limited research hypothesises that immobilised paraprobiotics release key bacterial components, such as lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, or exopolysaccharides which exhibit key immunomodulating effects and antagonising properties against pathogens.




General paraprobiotics applications


As paraprobiotics are newly emerging, so is the evidence to support the use of paraprobiotics. Emerging clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that paraprobiotics play a role in general health and well-being and for improving host immune function like that of probiotics. It is postulated that paraprobiotics induce changes in the gut microbiome and the altered gut microbial composition which are associated with increased levels of innate and acquired immunity biomarkers. Paraprobiotics also seem to exhibit antioxidant effects highlighting their potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.




Paraprobiotics applications in biotherapy


Paraprobiotics (mostly heat-killed) have been evaluated in small study sizes and seem to be beneficial for the following clinical applications:

Gastrointestinal diseases (bloating, paediatric disorders, infantile colic, diarrhea, extra-intestinal diseases)
Upper respiratory tract infections
Ocular disorders including eye fatigue
There is a growing body of pre-clinical evidence supporting the use of paraprobiotics for the following applications:
Asthma
Inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis)
Colitis-associated colorectal cancer
Type 2 Diabetes (improved glycemic parameters)
Liver injury
Atopic dermatitis
Influenza viruses
Cardiac injury




Species used as paraprobiotics


Many species of bacteria have been identified to have benefits as paraprobiotic strains:

Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium longum
Enterococcus faecalis
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus brevis
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus
Lactobacillus fermentum
Lactobacillus johnsonii
Lactobacillus paracasei
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus salivarius
Lactococcus lactis
Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Postbiotic
• Probiotic
• Single-cell protein
• Nutrient cycle
• Alertness
• Anti-greenhouse effect
• Parmentiera aculeata
• Weaving a Story 2: oral stage
• Fabio Rinaldi
• Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1