- Source: Projection-slice theorem
In mathematics, the projection-slice theorem, central slice theorem or Fourier slice theorem in two dimensions states that the results of the following two calculations are equal:
Take a two-dimensional function f(r), project (e.g. using the Radon transform) it onto a (one-dimensional) line, and do a Fourier transform of that projection.
Take that same function, but do a two-dimensional Fourier transform first, and then slice it through its origin, which is parallel to the projection line.
In operator terms, if
F1 and F2 are the 1- and 2-dimensional Fourier transform operators mentioned above,
P1 is the projection operator (which projects a 2-D function onto a 1-D line),
S1 is a slice operator (which extracts a 1-D central slice from a function),
then
F
1
P
1
=
S
1
F
2
.
{\displaystyle F_{1}P_{1}=S_{1}F_{2}.}
This idea can be extended to higher dimensions.
This theorem is used, for example, in the analysis of medical
CT scans where a "projection" is an x-ray
image of an internal organ. The Fourier transforms of these images are
seen to be slices through the Fourier transform of the 3-dimensional
density of the internal organ, and these slices can be interpolated to build
up a complete Fourier transform of that density. The inverse Fourier transform
is then used to recover the 3-dimensional density of the object. This technique was first derived by Ronald N. Bracewell in 1956 for a radio-astronomy problem.
The projection-slice theorem in N dimensions
In N dimensions, the projection-slice theorem states that the
Fourier transform of the projection of an N-dimensional function
f(r) onto an m-dimensional linear submanifold
is equal to an m-dimensional slice of the N-dimensional Fourier transform of that
function consisting of an m-dimensional linear submanifold through the origin in the Fourier space which is parallel to the projection submanifold. In operator terms:
F
m
P
m
=
S
m
F
N
.
{\displaystyle F_{m}P_{m}=S_{m}F_{N}.\,}
The generalized Fourier-slice theorem
In addition to generalizing to N dimensions, the projection-slice theorem can be further generalized with an arbitrary change of basis. For convenience of notation, we consider the change of basis to be represented as B, an N-by-N invertible matrix operating on N-dimensional column vectors. Then the generalized Fourier-slice theorem can be stated as
F
m
P
m
B
=
S
m
B
−
T
|
B
−
T
|
F
N
{\displaystyle F_{m}P_{m}B=S_{m}{\frac {B^{-T}}{|B^{-T}|}}F_{N}}
where
B
−
T
=
(
B
−
1
)
T
{\displaystyle B^{-T}=(B^{-1})^{T}}
is the transpose of the inverse of the change of basis transform.
Proof in two dimensions
The projection-slice theorem is easily proven for the case of two dimensions.
Without loss of generality, we can take the projection line to be the x-axis.
There is no loss of generality because if we use a shifted and rotated line, the law still applies. Using a shifted line (in y) gives the same projection and therefore the same 1D Fourier transform results. The rotated function is the Fourier pair of the rotated Fourier transform, for which the theorem again holds.
If f(x, y) is a two-dimensional function, then the projection of f(x, y) onto the x axis is p(x) where
p
(
x
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
y
.
{\displaystyle p(x)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,dy.}
The Fourier transform of
f
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle f(x,y)}
is
F
(
k
x
,
k
y
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
x
,
y
)
e
−
2
π
i
(
x
k
x
+
y
k
y
)
d
x
d
y
.
{\displaystyle F(k_{x},k_{y})=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,e^{-2\pi i(xk_{x}+yk_{y})}\,dxdy.}
The slice is then
s
(
k
x
)
{\displaystyle s(k_{x})}
s
(
k
x
)
=
F
(
k
x
,
0
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
x
,
y
)
e
−
2
π
i
x
k
x
d
x
d
y
{\displaystyle s(k_{x})=F(k_{x},0)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,e^{-2\pi ixk_{x}}\,dxdy}
=
∫
−
∞
∞
[
∫
−
∞
∞
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
y
]
e
−
2
π
i
x
k
x
d
x
{\displaystyle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left[\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x,y)\,dy\right]\,e^{-2\pi ixk_{x}}dx}
=
∫
−
∞
∞
p
(
x
)
e
−
2
π
i
x
k
x
d
x
{\displaystyle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }p(x)\,e^{-2\pi ixk_{x}}dx}
which is just the Fourier transform of p(x). The proof for higher dimensions is easily generalized from the above example.
The FHA cycle
If the two-dimensional function f(r) is circularly symmetric, it may be represented as f(r), where r = |r|. In this case the projection onto any projection line
will be the Abel transform of f(r). The two-dimensional Fourier transform
of f(r) will be a circularly symmetric function given by the zeroth-order Hankel transform of f(r), which will therefore also represent any slice through the origin. The projection-slice theorem then states that the Fourier transform of the projection equals the slice or
F
1
A
1
=
H
,
{\displaystyle F_{1}A_{1}=H,}
where A1 represents the Abel-transform operator, projecting a two-dimensional circularly symmetric function onto a one-dimensional line, F1 represents the 1-D Fourier-transform
operator, and H represents the zeroth-order Hankel-transform operator.
Extension to fan beam or cone-beam CT
The projection-slice theorem is suitable for CT image reconstruction with parallel beam projections. It does not directly apply to fanbeam or conebeam CT. The theorem was extended to fan-beam and conebeam CT image reconstruction by Shuang-ren Zhao in 1995.
See also
Radon transform § Relationship with the Fourier transform
References
Further reading
Bracewell, Ronald N. (1990). "Numerical Transforms". Science. 248 (4956): 697–704. Bibcode:1990Sci...248..697B. doi:10.1126/science.248.4956.697. PMID 17812072. S2CID 5643835.
Bracewell, Ronald N. (1956). "Strip Integration in Radio Astronomy". Aust. J. Phys. 9 (2): 198. Bibcode:1956AuJPh...9..198B. doi:10.1071/PH560198.
Gaskill, Jack D. (2005). Linear Systems, Fourier Transforms, and Optics. John Wiley & Sons, New York. ISBN 978-0-471-29288-3.
Ng, Ren (2005). "Fourier Slice Photography" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Graphics. 24 (3): 735–744. doi:10.1145/1073204.1073256.
Zhao, Shuang-Ren; Halling, Horst (1995). "Reconstruction of Cone Beam Projections with Free Source Path by a Generalized Fourier Method". Proceedings of the 1995 International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine: 323–7.
Garces, Daissy H.; Rhodes, William T.; Peña, Néstor (2011). "The Projection-Slice Theorem: A Compact Notation". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 28 (5): 766–769. Bibcode:2011JOSAA..28..766G. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.28.000766. PMID 21532686.
External links
Fourier Slice Theorem (video). Part of the "Computed Tomography and the ASTRA Toolbox" course. University of Antwerp. September 10, 2015.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Projection-slice theorem
- Slice
- Tomographic reconstruction
- Hankel transform
- List of Fourier analysis topics
- Theorema Egregium
- Computed tomography imaging spectrometer
- Radon transform
- Abel transform
- Light field microscopy
