- Source: Proto-Indo-European numerals
The numerals and derived numbers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. The following article lists and discusses their hypothesized forms.
Cardinal numbers
The cardinal numbers are reconstructed as follows:
Other reconstructions typically differ only slightly from Beekes and Sihler. A nineteenth-century reconstruction (by Brugmann) for thousand is *tūsḱmtiə. See also Fortson 2004.
The elements *-dḱomt- (in the numerals "twenty" to "ninety") and *dḱm̥t- (in "hundred") are reconstructed on the assumption that these numerals are derivatives of *deḱm̥(t) "ten".
Lehmann believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed separately in the dialect groups and that *ḱm̥tóm originally meant "a large number" rather than specifically "one hundred."
= Gender of numerals
=The numbers three and four had feminine forms with the suffix *-s(o)r-, reconstructed as *t(r)i-sr- and *kʷetwr̥-sr-, respectively.
Numerals as prefixes
Special forms of the numerals were used as prefixes, usually to form bahuvrihis (like five-fingered in English):
Ordinal numbers
The ordinal numbers are difficult to reconstruct due to their significant variation in the daughter languages. The following reconstructions are tentative:
"first" is formed with *pr̥h₃- (related to some adverbs meaning "forth, forward, front" and to the particle *prō "forth", thus originally meaning "foremost" or similar) plus various suffixes like *-mo-, *-wo- (cf. Latin primus, Russian perv-).
"second": The daughter languages use a wide range of expressions, often unrelated to the word for "two" (including Latin and English), so that no PIE form can be reconstructed. A number of languages use the form derived from *h₂enteros meaning "the other [of two]" (cf. OCS vĭtorŭ, Lithuanian añtras, Old Icelandic annarr, modern Icelandic annar).
"third" to "sixth" were formed from the cardinals plus the suffix *-t(ó)-: *tr̥-t(ó)- / *tri-t(ó)- "third" etc.
"seventh" to "tenth" were formed by adding the thematic vowel *-ó- to the cardinal: *oḱtow-ó- "eighth" etc.
The cardinals ending in a syllabic nasal (seven, nine, ten) inserted a second nasal before the thematic vowel, resulting in the suffixes *-mó- and *-nó-. These and the suffix *-t(ó)- spread to neighbouring ordinals, seen for example in Vedic aṣṭamá- "eighth" and Lithuanian deviñtas "ninth".
Reflexes
Reflexes, or descendants of the PIE reconstructed forms in its daughter languages, include the following.
= Reflexes of the cardinal numbers
=In the following languages, reflexes separated by slashes mean:
Albanian: Tosk Albanian / Gheg Albanian
Armenian: Classical Armenian / Eastern Armenian / Western Armenian
English: Old English / Modern English
German: Old High German / New High German
Irish: Old Irish / Modern Irish
Ossetic: Iron / Digor
Persian: Old Persian / Modern Persian
Tocharian: Tocharian A / Tocharian B
= Reflexes of the feminine numbers
== Reflexes of the numeral prefixes
== Reflexes of the ordinal numbers
=Notes
References
Bibliography
Beekes, Robert S. P. (1995), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, J. Benjamins Pub., ISBN 1-55619-505-2
Brugmann, Karl (1892), Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, vol. II/2
Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004), Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (1991), Indo-European Numerals, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-011322-8
Lehmann, Winfried P. (1993), Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-08201-3
Meillet, Antoine, MSL XIV
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508345-8
Further reading
Bammesberg, Alfred (1995). "Latin quattuor and Its Prehistory". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 23 (1-2): 213–222.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (1987). "The Word for 'Four' in Proto-Indo-European". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 15 (1/2): 215–219.
Bomhard, Allan. "Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers". In: In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology. In honor of Harold Crane Fleming. Edited by John D. Bengtson. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. pp. 213-221. 10.1075/z.145.18bom.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Arya
- Proto-Indo-European numerals
- Proto-Indo-European language
- Proto-Indo-European society
- Proto-Indo-Europeans
- Proto-Indo-European mythology
- Proto-Indo-Aryan language
- Proto-Indo-Iranian language
- Latin numerals
- Proto-Indo-European nominals
- Proto-Indo-European homeland
