- Source: Proto-Tupian language
Proto-Tupian (PT) is the reconstructed common ancestor of all the Tupian languages. It consists, therefore, of a hypothetical language, reconstructed by the comparative method from data of the descendant languages.
In Brazil, Tupian historical-comparative studies are being developed mainly by two scientific teams: one from the Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas (LALI) of the University of Brasília, under the coordination of Aryon Rodrigues; and the other one from the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, located in Belém, under the orientation of Denny Moore. These studies provide evidence about the Proto-Tupian economy and culture, suggesting, for example, that they had agriculture.
The most accepted theory is that the Tupian language family originated between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. There are currently 70 Tupian languages, including Tupi, Paraguayan Guarani, Awetï, Ayvu, etc.
Linguistic homeland
Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian linguistic homeland to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. Five of the ten Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages (especially Kagwahiva), making it the probable linguistic homeland of these languages and maybe of the peoples that traditionally speak them. Rodrigues believes that Proto-Tupian dates back to around 5000 BP.
O'Hagan (2014) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.
Lexicon
This section lists Proto-Tupían reconstructions from Rodrigues and Cabral (2012). Since the reconstructions are highly tentative, the Proto-Tupían forms are all marked by two asterisks.
For a list of Proto-Tupian reconstructions by Nikulin (2020), see the corresponding Portuguese article.
= Independent nouns
=Proto-Tupian independent nouns:: 511
= Dependent nouns
=Proto-Tupian dependent nouns:: 511
= Verbs, affixes, and others
=Proto-Tupian verbs, affixes, and other parts of speech:: 527
= Cultural vocabulary
=Proto-Tupían cultural vocabulary (Rodrigues and Cabral 2012):: 562–563
See also
Apapocuva
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Languages of Brazil
Lingua Geral
List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
References
Further reading
Lyle Campbell (21 September 2000). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. pp. 199, 201. ISBN 978-0-19-534983-2.
Spike Gildea (1998). On Reconstructing Grammar: Comparative Cariban Morphosyntax. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 53, 86, 88. ISBN 978-0-19-510952-8.
Rik van Gijn; Jeremy Hammond (15 October 2016). Switch Reference 2.0. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-90-272-6677-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna (2007). "As consoantes do Proto-Tupí". In Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (eds). Linguas e culturas Tupi, p. 167-203. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju; Brasília: LALI.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Tapai
- Bahasa
- Proto-Tupian language
- Tupian languages
- Je–Tupi–Carib languages
- List of proto-languages
- Indigenous languages of South America
- Cariban languages
- Tupi–Guarani languages
- Evolution of languages
- Mataco–Guaicuru languages
- General Language
