• Source: Puyuma language

      • The Puyuma language or Pinuyumayan (Chinese: 卑南語; pinyin: Bēinányǔ), is the language of the Puyuma, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a divergent Formosan language of the Austronesian family. Most speakers are older adults.
      Puyuma is one of the more divergent of the Austronesian languages and falls outside reconstructions of Proto-Austronesian.


      Dialects


      The internal classification of Puyuma dialects below is from Ting (1978). Nanwang Puyuma is considered to be the relatively phonologically conservative but grammatically innovative, as in it preserves proto-Puyuma voiced plosives but syncretizes the use of both oblique and genitive case.

      Proto-Puyuma
      Nanwang
      (Main branch)
      Pinaski–Ulivelivek
      Pinaski
      Ulivelivek
      Rikavung
      Kasavakan–Katipul
      Kasavakan
      Katipul
      Puyuma-speaking villages are:

      Puyuma cluster ('born of the bamboo')
      Puyuma (Chinese: Nanwang 南王)
      Apapulu (Chinese: Paosang 寶桑)
      Katipul cluster ('born of a stone')
      Alipai (Chinese: Pinlang 賓朗)
      Pinaski (Chinese: Hsia Pinlang 下賓朗); 2 km north of Puyuma/Nanwang, and maintains close relations with it
      Pankiu (Chinese: Pankiu 班鳩)
      Kasavakan (Chinese: Chienhe 建和)
      Katratripul (Chinese: Chihpen 知本)
      Likavung (Chinese: Lichia 利嘉)
      Tamalakaw (Chinese: Taian 泰安)
      Ulivelivek (Chinese: Chulu 初鹿)


      Phonology


      Puyuma has 18 consonants and 4 vowels:

      Note that Teng uses ⟨lr⟩ for /ɭ/ and ⟨l⟩ for /l/, unlike in official version. The official orthography is used in this article.


      Grammar




      = Morphology

      =
      Puyuma verbs have four types of focus:

      Actor focus: Ø (no mark), -em-, -en- (after labials), me-, meʔ-, ma-
      Object focus: -aw
      Referent focus: -ay
      Instrumental focus: -anay
      There are three verbal aspects:

      Perfect
      Imperfect
      Future
      There are two modes:

      Imperative
      Hortative future
      Affixes include:

      Perfect: Ø (no mark)
      Imperfect: Reduplication; -a-
      Future: Reduplication, sometimes only -a-
      Hortative future: -a-
      Imperative mode: Ø (no mark)


      = Syntax

      =
      Puyuma has a verb-initial word order.
      Articles include:

      i – singular personal
      a – singular non-personal
      na – plural (personal and non-personal)


      = Pronouns

      =
      The Puyuma personal pronouns are:


      = Affixes

      =
      The Puyuma affixes are:


      Notes




      References




      External links


      Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 (in Chinese) – Puyuma search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation
      Puyuma teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan (in Chinese)
      Puyuma translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people – published on the website of the presidential office

    Kata Kunci Pencarian: