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    • Source: R&M

      • R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ar (pronounced ), plural ars, or in Ireland or ().
      The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩.


      Name


      The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as ⟨F⟩, ⟨L⟩, ⟨M⟩, ⟨N⟩, and ⟨S⟩. This name is preserved in French and many other languages. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme) and star (compare German Stern).
      In Hiberno-English, the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/, somewhat similar to oar, ore, orr.

      The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canīna 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the dog's letter. This Latin term referred to the Latin ⟨R⟩ that was trilled to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as vōx canīna 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish perro 'dog').
      In Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar.


      History




      = Antiquity

      =

      The letter ⟨R⟩ is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in Semitic alphabets for the sound /r/ because the word for 'head' was rêš or similar in most Semitic languages. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of acrophony.
      It developed into Greek ⟨Ρ⟩ ῥῶ (rhô) and Latin ⟨R⟩. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a ⟨P⟩ and a ⟨D⟩ shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
      Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write ⟨r⟩ using the ⟨P⟩ shape of the letter.
      The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the ⟨p⟩ and the ⟨Ρ⟩ shape of the ⟨r⟩ have become difficult to distinguish.
      The descending stroke of the Latin letter ⟨R⟩ has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From c. 50 AD, the letter ⟨P⟩ would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by ⟨R⟩.


      = Cursive

      =

      The minuscule form ⟨r⟩ developed through several variations on the capital form.
      Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from Roman cursive via the uncial script of Late Antiquity into the Carolingian minuscule of the 9th century.
      In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.
      A calligraphic minuscule ⟨r⟩, known as r rotunda ⟨ꝛ⟩, was used in the sequence ⟨or⟩, bending the shape of the ⟨r⟩ to accommodate the bulge of the ⟨o⟩ as in ⟨oꝛ⟩, as opposed to ⟨or⟩. Later, the same variant was also used where ⟨r⟩ followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with ⟨b⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨p⟩, as well as to write the geminate ⟨rr⟩ as ⟨ꝛꝛ⟩. Use of r rotunda was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.
      Insular script used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the Insular r ⟨ꞃ⟩; this variant survives in the Gaelic type popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function.


      Use in writing systems




      = English

      =

      ⟨R⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in English, such as the alveolar approximant (most varieties), alveolar trill (some British varieties), or the retroflex approximant (some varieties in the United States, South West England and Dublin).
      In non-rhotic accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it.


      = Other languages

      =
      ⟨R⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.

      Other languages may use the letter ⟨r⟩ in their alphabets (or Latin transliteration schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with ⟨w⟩, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.
      The doubled ⟨rr⟩ represents a trilled /r/ in Albanian, Aragonese, Asturian, Basque, Catalan and Spanish.
      Brazilian Portuguese has a great number of allophones of /ʁ/, such as [χ], [h], [ɦ], [x], [ɣ], [ɹ] and [r]. The latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ([ɣ] and [r] as ⟨rr⟩; [ɹ] in the syllable coda, as an allophone of /ɾ/ according to the European Portuguese norm and /ʁ/ according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as Rio de Janeiro's [ʁ], [χ], [ɦ] and, for a few speakers, [ɣ].


      = Other systems

      =
      The International Phonetic Alphabet uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; ⟨r⟩ represents the alveolar trill.


      Other uses



      An R rating of the Motion Picture Association film rating system denotes media, such as movies, that are intended for a restricted audience.


      Related characters




      = Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

      =
      R with diacritics: Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ R̃ r̃ ᵲ ꭨ ᵳ ᶉ
      International Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R: 𝼈 ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
      IPA superscript letters: 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪
      Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet: ɼ ɿ
      Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to R:
      U+1D19 ᴙ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R
      U+1D1A ᴚ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R
      U+1D3F ᴿ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R
      U+1D63 ᵣ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R
      Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:
      U+AB45 ꭅ LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R
      U+AB46 ꭆ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG
      Anthropos phonetic transcription:
      U+AB48 ꭈ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R
      U+AB49 ꭉ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
      U+AB4A ꭊ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL
      Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription:
      U+AB47 ꭇ LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE
      U+AB4B ꭋ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R
      U+AB4C ꭌ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING
      𝼨 – ⟨R⟩ with mid-height left hook was used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.
      ⱹ – A turned ⟨r⟩ with a tail is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet
      Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕 𝼖 ʳ ʵ


      = Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet

      =
      Ꝛ ꝛ – R rotunda
      Ꞃ ꞃ – Insular r (Gaelic type)
      ᫍ – Combining Insular r, as used in the Ormulum


      = Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

      =
      𐤓 – Semitic letter Resh, from which the following letters derive:
      Ρ ρ – Greek letter Rho, from which the following letters derive:
      𐌓 – Old Italic letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin ⟨R⟩
      ᚱ – Runic letter Raido
      Р р – Cyrillic letter Er
      𐍂 – Gothic letter Reda


      = Abbreviations, signs and symbols

      =
      ℟ – symbol for response in liturgy
      ℞ – Medical prescription
      ® – Registered trademark symbol
      ₹ – Indian rupee sign


      Other representations




      = Computing

      =


      = Other

      =


      See also


      Guttural R


      References




      External links


      Media related to R at Wikimedia Commons
      The dictionary definition of R at Wiktionary
      The dictionary definition of r at Wiktionary

    • Source: RM

      • RM, rm, R.M. or R&M may refer to:


      Arts and entertainment


      Race Modification, a gameplay feature in the Gran Turismo series of video games
      Random map, a randomly generated map in strategy games
      RauteMusik.FM, a German Internet Radio Station
      RM (musician), born Kim Nam-joon, a South Korean rapper, composer and person who produces music
      The R.M., a comedy film
      Running Man (TV program), a South Korean variety television program


      Business and finance




      = Companies

      =
      Récoltant-Manipulant, a designation for champagne producers with their own label
      Reichle & De-Massari (R&M), a Swiss family tech business
      RM, a clothing line by Roland Mouret
      RM Education, a British computer firm
      RM Sotheby's, a classic car auctioneers


      = Currencies

      =
      Malaysian ringgit, Malaysia (ISO 4217: MYR)
      Reichsmark (ℛℳ), German currency during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich


      = Methods and disciplines

      =
      Rapid manufacturing, computer-automated additive manufacturing method
      Records management, an information archiving practice
      Relationship marketing, in marketing jargon
      Revenue management, a discipline aimed at maximize profit for businesses
      Risk management, identification and prioritization of business risks


      Military


      Radioman, a rating for the United States Navy
      Regia Marina, the Italian Navy prior to 1946
      Royal Marines, the United Kingdom's amphibious forces


      Places




      = Countries

      =
      Madagascar, per the UN Conventions on Road Traffic
      Marshall Islands, per the American FIPS 10-4 standard
      Moldova, an abbreviation of its official Romanian name Republica Moldova; also per the World Meteorological Organisation
      Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia)
      Romania, per the Library of Congress


      = Forms of place

      =
      Ranch to Market Road, a designation for minor state highways in Texas, US
      Rural municipality, a type of district in Canada


      = Locations in the United States

      =
      Richard Montgomery High School, Rockville, Maryland
      Richmond, Virginia
      Rocky Mount, North Carolina


      = Regions

      =
      Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Italy (ISO 3166-2:IT code)
      Province of Rome, Italy
      RM postal area, the UK postcode area for Romford
      Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago)


      Science and technology




      = Biology and medicine

      =
      Range of motion, or range of movement, the distance a joint can move between the flexed and extended positions
      Recurrent miscarriage, referring to multiple consecutive miscarriages
      Regenerative medicine, the process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function
      Relative migration, in gel electrophoresis
      Respiratory mechanics, the branch of human physiology focusing upon the bio-mechanics of respiration
      Rhabdomyolysis, a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down, potentially leading to kidney failure
      Rhesus monkey, a species of Old World monkey native to South, Central and Southeast Asia
      Rhinitis medicamentosa, or rebound congestion
      Urinalysis, or "routine and microscopy", an array of tests performed on urine


      = Computing

      =
      RealMedia, a data format provided by RealNetworks
      Relational model, a database model based on predicate logic and set theory
      Reset Mode (ANSI), an ANSI X3.64 escape sequence
      Resource Management, a service in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks
      Reuters Messaging, an instant messenger application
      rm (Unix), a Unix command for the removal of files


      = Physics

      =
      Faraday rotation measure, in astrophysics
      Magnetic Reynolds number, a ratio used in magnetohydrodynamics
      Molière radius (Rm), in high energy physics


      = Vehicles

      =
      AEC Routemaster, the traditional London bus
      China Railways RM, a Chinese steam locomotive
      Rail Motor, a self-propelled rail car
      SJ Rm, a Swedish locomotive


      Sport


      One rep maximum, or 1RM, a weight training term
      Real Madrid C.F., a Spanish football club


      Titles


      Radioman, a former rate of the U.S. Navy
      Raksha Mantri, the defense minister of India
      Registered Midwife, a legally registered or certified professional midwife
      Reiki Master, one level of the three-tiered hierarchy of Reiki
      Resident magistrate
      Returned Missionary, a Mormon who has served as a missionary


      Other uses


      Reasoning Mind, an American school math initiative
      Récoltant-Manipulant, champagne made by the winegrower
      Research Memo, a type of Congressional Research Service Report
      Romansh language, spoken in Switzerland (ISO 639-1 code: rm)
      Rosmah Mansor, wife of Malaysia Prime Minister Dato' Seri Najib Razak


      See also



      Regional municipality

      All pages with titles beginning with RM
      All pages with titles containing RM
      MR (disambiguation)

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