- Source: Re-Flex
Re-Flex were an English new wave band formed in London in 1981. They are most often recognized for their hit, "The Politics of Dancing", the title track from their debut studio album released in 1983, as well as the singles "Hurt", "Hitline", "Couldn't Stand a Day", "Praying to the Beat", "Sensitive", and "Flex It". The band stopped actively working together in 1985, but occasionally collaborated on individual members' solo projects in the years following.
History
= Formation and early years (1981–1982)
=
Re-Flex were formed in 1981 by musicians John Baxter on vocals and lead guitar and Paul Fishman on keyboards and backing vocals. The band's earliest line-ups also included François Craig on bass and vocals, John Hodges on guitar, and two successive drummers: Phil Gould and Mark King, who would both go on to form jazz-funk band Level 42. Following King's exit, Roland Vaughn Kerridge took over on drums. Later, after Craig's departure, musician Thomas Dolby introduced the band to ex-Gloria Mundi bass player Nigel Ross-Scott. Hodges departed at some point before their first album was recorded and his vacancy was not filled, thus making the band a 4-piece. Re-Flex's final and best-known line-up consisted of Baxter, Fishman, Kerridge and Ross-Scott.
= International success (1983–1984)
=
In late 1982, the band recorded their debut album, The Politics of Dancing, which was released in November 1983 by EMI Records. The album, produced by John Punter of Roxy Music fame, was a moderate success, peaking at No. 53 in the United States, No. 58 in Germany and No. 34 in New Zealand. It was later re-released in 1993, in CD format for the first time, by One Way Records.
The album's title track, released as a single in late 1983, was met with much greater success, and became a big international hit in 1984, reaching the top 40 (and in some cases the top 20) in numerous countries: No. 24 in the United States and No. 8 on the U.S. dance chart, No. 28 in the UK (with a chart run of 9 weeks), No. 9 in Canada (with a chart run of 9 weeks in the Canadian top 30), No. 25 in West Germany, No. 11 in Australia, No. 12 in New Zealand, and was also a success in Switzerland, South Africa, Israel, the Netherlands, Spain, and Italy. Five other singles were released from the album and achieved various international success. The band toured Europe and the United States, where, on their first visit, they supported the Police.
"The Politics of Dancing" was featured in the 1998 film Edge of Seventeen and can also be found on numerous compilation albums of 1980s hit singles. It also appeared in the trailer and film Atomic Blonde, starring Charlize Theron (2017). Re-Flex also recorded the song "Cut It" for the soundtrack to the 1984 film Breakin' which was released by Polydor Records.
= Humanication and hiatus (1985–1987)
=
Recorded in late 1984 and planned for a release in February 1985, Humanication was to be Re-Flex's follow-up album. The only single released from the album, "How Much Longer" (a minor hit in Germany), on the topic of environmentalism, featured Sting on backing vocals. Despite positive response, the record was pulled by EMI and deemed too political by the US company. Soon after, the band left EMI. Demo versions of the Humanication album were leaked out, although it would not be officially released for another 25 years.
In spite of the turmoil, Re-Flex continued to record together, working on a new project entitled Jamming the Broadcast. During this period, the band also recorded two tracks, "Life's Too Dangerous" and "Revolution Now," for the soundtrack to the 1987 film Superman IV. After recording was completed, the group ceased actively working together, but never officially disbanded.
= Recent events (2010–present)
=
In mid-September 2010, Re-Flex released a six CD box set put together by Paul Fishman, in conjunction with Roland Vaughn Kerridge, entitled Re-Fuse. The set included a remastered version of The Politics of Dancing and five CDs of other previously unreleased material (including the Humanication and Jamming the Broadcast albums in their entirety) which pre- and post-dates Politics.
Fishman and Kerridge's remastering of the band's back catalogue culminated on 18 September 2010 launch of a website entitled Connect to promote these new releases. The website was developed by Paul Fishman's company, PFL-UK, and has been designed around an infinite 3D environment.
According to a September 2012 interview with Paul Fishman, drummer Roland Vaughn Kerridge died in February of that year after undergoing three rounds of surgery for a brain tumor. Kerridge was able to record one final song in a brief reformation of the classic Re-Flex lineup (minus bassist Nigel Ross-Scott) prior to his death. Fishman states that the band intends to release this final track, "Vibrate Generate" as a single and the title track of a new compilation album.
On 23 May 2022, Paul Fishman announced through Re-Flex's various social media platforms that the band's long-anticipated final track with Kerridge, "Vibrate Generate", would be released in June, both as a digital single and as part of a double-CD album of the same title. The single became available for download through all major online digital music platforms on 17 June 2022. The double-CD became available through the Cherry Red Records website on 24 June 2022. It is a compilation of re-mixes of previously released tracks and new material. The band has also produced a music video for the single "Vibrate Generate", featuring Baxter, Fishman, bassist François Craig from the early line-up, and James Kerridge – son of the band's late drummer – who is a musician in his own right, and, as Fishman stated, “with a little help from our friends”.
Discography
= Studio albums
=
= Singles
=
See also
List of new wave artists
List of performers on Top of the Pops
References
External links
Official website
Re-Flex at AllMusic
Re-Flex discography at Discogs
Re-Flex at IMDb- Source: RE/flex
RE/flex (regex-centric, fast lexical analyzer) is a free and open source computer program written in C++ that generates fast lexical analyzers (also known as "scanners" or "lexers") in C++. RE/flex offers full Unicode support, indentation anchors, word boundaries, lazy quantifiers (non-greedy, lazy repeats), and performance tuning options. RE/flex accepts Flex lexer specifications and offers options to generate scanners for Bison parsers. RE/flex includes a fast C++ regular expression library.
History
The RE/flex project was designed and implemented by professor Robert van Engelen in 2016 and released as free open source. The software evolved with several contributions made by others. The RE/flex tool generates lexical analyzers based on regular expression ("regex") libraries, instead of fixed DFA tables generated by traditional lexical analyzer generators.
Lexer specification
The RE/flex lexical analyzer generator accepts an extended syntax of Flex lexer specifications as input. The RE/flex specification syntax is more expressive than the traditional Flex lexer specification syntax and may include indentation anchors, word boundaries, lazy quantifiers (non-greedy, lazy repeats), and new actions such as wstr() to retrieve Unicode wide-string matches.
A lexer specification is of the form:
The Definitions section includes declarations and customization options, followed by name-pattern pairs to define names for regular expression patterns. Named patterns may be referenced in other patterns by embracing them in { and }. The following example defines two names for two patterns, where the second pattern number uses the previously named pattern digit:
The Rules section defines pattern-action pairs. The following example defines a rule to translate a number to the lexer class integer value member:
The User Code section typically defines C/C++ functions, for example a main program:
The yyFlexLexer class is generated by RE/flex as instructed by the %option flex directive in the lexer specification. The generated lex.yy.cpp source code contains the algorithm for lexical analysis, which is linked with the libreflex library.
Source code output
The generated algorithm for lexical analysis is based on the concept that any regular expression engine can in principle be used to tokenize input into tokens: given a set of n regular expression patterns
p
i
{\displaystyle p_{i}}
for
i
=
1
,
…
,
n
{\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,n}
, a regular expression of the form "(
p
1
{\displaystyle p_{1}}
)|(
p
2
{\displaystyle p_{2}}
)|...|(
p
n
{\displaystyle p_{n}}
)" with n alternations may be specified to match and tokenize the input. In this way, the group capture index i of a matching pattern
p
i
{\displaystyle p_{i}}
that is returned by the regular expression matcher identifies the pattern
p
i
{\displaystyle p_{i}}
that matched the input text partially and continuously after the previous match.
This approach makes it possible for any regex library that supports group captures to be utilized as a matcher. However, note that all groupings of the form (X) in patterns must be converted to non-capturing groups of the form (?:X) to avoid any unwanted group capturing within sub-expressions.
The following RE/flex-generated yyFlexLexer class yylex method repeatedly invokes the matcher's scan (continuous partial matching) operation to tokenize input:
If none of the n patterns match and the end-of-file (EOF) is not reached, the so-called "default rule" is invoked. The default rule echo's the current input character and advances the scanner to the next character in the input.
The regular expression pattern "(
p
1
{\displaystyle p_{1}}
)|(
p
2
{\displaystyle p_{2}}
)|...|(
p
n
{\displaystyle p_{n}}
)" is produced by RE/flex from a lexer specification with n rules of pattern-action pairs:
From this specification, RE/flex generates the aforementioned yyFlexLexer class with the yylex() method that executes actions corresponding to the patterns matched in the input. The generated yyFlexLexer class is used in a C++ application, such as a parser, to tokenize the input into the integer-valued tokens returned by the actions in the lexer specification. For example:
Note that yylex() returns an integer value when an action executes return token_value;. Otherwise, yylex() does not return a value and continues scanning the input, which is often used by rules that ignore input such as comments.
This example tokenizes a file. A lexical analyzer often serves as a tokenizer for a parser generated by a parser generator such as Bison.
Compatibility
RE/flex is compatible with Flex specifications when %option flex is used. This generates a yyFlexLexer class with yylex() method. RE/flex is also compatible with Bison using a range of RE/flex options for complete coverage of Bison options and features.
By contrast to Flex, RE/flex scanners are thread-safe by default on work with reentrant Bison parsers.
Unicode support
RE/flex supports Unicode regular expression patterns in lexer specifications and automatically tokenizes UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32 input files. Code pages may be specified to tokenize input files encoded in ISO/IEC 8859 1 to 16, Windows-1250 to Windows-1258, CP-437, CP-850, CP-858, MacRoman, KOI-8, EBCDIC, and so on. Normalization to UTF-8 is automatically performed by internal incremental buffering for (partial) pattern matching with Unicode regular expression patterns.
Indent, nodent, and dedent matching
RE/flex integrates indent and dedent matching directly in the regular expression syntax with new \i and \j anchors. These indentation anchors detect changes of line indentation in the input. This allows many practical scenarios to be covered to tokenize programming languages with indented block structures. For example, the following lexer specification detects and reports indentation changes:
Lazy quantifiers
Lazy quantifiers may be associated with repeats in RE/flex regular expression patterns to simplify the expressions using non-greedy repeats, when applicable. Normally matching is "greedy", meaning that the longest pattern is matched. For example, the pattern a.*b with the greedy * repeat matches aab, but also matches abab because .* matches any characters except newline and abab is longer than ab. Using a lazy quantifier ? for the lazy repeat *?, pattern a.*?b matches ab but not abab.
As a practical application of lazy quantifiers, consider matching C/C++ multiline comments of the form /*...*/. The lexer specification pattern "/*"(.|\n)*?"*/" with lazy repeat *? matches multiline comments. Without lazy repeats the pattern "/*"([^*]|(\*+[^*/]))*\*+"/" should be used (note that quotation of the form "..." is allowed in lexer specifications only, this construct is comparable to the \Q...\E quotations supported by most regex libraries.)
Other pattern matchers
Besides the built-in RE/flex POSIX regex pattern matcher, RE/flex also supports PCRE2, Boost.Regex and std::regex pattern matching libraries. PCRE2 and Boost.Regex offer a richer regular expression pattern syntax with Perl pattern matching semantics, but are slower due to their intrinsic NFA-based matching algorithm.
Translation
Lex, Flex and RE/flex translate regular expressions to DFA, which are implemented in tables for run-time scanning. RE/flex differs from Lex and Flex in that the generated tables contain a list of opcode words executed by a virtual machine to perform pattern matching. In addition, a DFA implemented in code instead of opcode tables is generated with the --fast option.
For example, the following direct-coded DFA for pattern \w+ is generated with option --fast:
A list of virtual machine opcode words for pattern \w+ is generated with option --full:
Debugging and profiling
The RE/flex built-in profiler can be used to measure the performance of the generated scanner automatically. The profiler instruments the scanner source code to collect run-time metrics. At run-time when the instrumented scanner terminates, the profiler reports the number of times a rule is matched and the cumulative time consumed by the matching rule. Profiling includes the time spent in the parser when the rule returns control to the parser. This allows for fine-tuning the performance of the generated scanners and parsers. Lexer rules that are hot spots, i.e. computationally expensive, are detected and can be optimized by the user in the lexer source code.
Also debugging of the generated scanner is supported with Flex-compatible options. Debugging outputs annotated lexer rules during scanning.
See also
Lexical analysis
Comparison of parser generators
References
External links
RE/flex manual
GitHub project page- Source: ReFLEX
ReFLEX is a wireless protocol developed by Motorola, used for two-way paging, messaging, and low-bandwidth data. It is based on the FLEX one-way paging protocol, adding capabilities for multiple forward channels, multiple return channels, and roaming. It originally came in two variants, ReFLEX25 and ReFLEX50. ReFLEX50 was originally developed to support a messaging service launched by MTEL in the mid 1990s, while ReFLEX25 was developed several years later to provide an upgrade path for traditional one-way paging carriers. The 50 and 25 signified 50 kHz and 25kHz channel spacing, although in reality both variants supported flexible channel configurations. The two variants were unified into a single protocol with version 2.7, which was released simply as ReFLEX 2.7. Devices compliant with ReFLEX 2.7 are backwards compatible with both ReFLEX25 and ReFLEX50 networks, with several new features to improve roaming, performance, and interoperability between different networks. ReFLEX systems support forward channel speeds of 1600, 3200, and 6400 bits per second, and return channel speeds of 800, 1600, 6400, and 9600 bits per second. Like FLEX, ReFLEX is synchronous, based on 1.875 second frames and 4-level FSK modulation.
The Motorola PageWriter released in 1996 was one of the first devices to use the ReFLEX network protocol. Although ReFLEX now has limited viability in the commercial market, it is finding new uses in Automatic Meter Reading, public safety, and low cost/bandwidth M2M applications.
See also
DataTAC
Mobitex
Communication Linking Protocol
References
External links
ReFLEX White Paper at the Wayback Machine (archived 6 December 2016)
Two Way Paging Article
Article
"ReFLEX Rules: The Role of Pervasive Low-Cost Networks and Devices in the Future of Mobile Data Messaging whitepaper" (PDF). Sag Harbor Group. 2001.
Skytel ReFLEX Two-Way Paging Service Provider
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