• Source: Ritual clown

      • Ritual clowns, also known as sacred clowns, are a characteristic feature of the ritual life of many traditional religions, and they typically employ scatology and obscenities. Ritual clowning is where comedy and satire originated; in Ancient Greece, ritual clowning, phallic processions and ritual aischrologia found their literary form in the plays of Aristophanes.
      Two famous examples of ritual clowns in North America are the Koyemshis (also known as Koyemshi, Koyemci or Mudheads) and the Newekwe (also spelled Ne'wekwe or Neweekwe). French sociologist Jean Cazeneuve is particularly renowned for elucidating the role of ritual clowns; reprising Ruth Benedict's famous distinction of societies into Apollonian and Dionysian, he said that precisely because of the strictly repressive (apollonian) nature of the Zuni society, the ritual clowns are needed as a dionysian element, a safety valve through which the community can give symbolic satisfaction to the antisocial tendencies. The Koyemshis clowns are characterized by a saturnalian symbolism.


      See also


      Avadhuta
      Clown
      Booger dance
      Chou role
      Clown society
      Contrary (social role)
      Divine madness
      The Fool (tarot card)
      Foolishness for Christ
      Heyoka
      Jester
      Pueblo clown
      Sacred Clowns
      Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
      Trickster


      Notes




      References


      Jean Cazeneuve (1957) Les dieux dansent à Cibola: le Shalako des indiens zuñis, pp. 242–254. English version translated by Madeleine Turrell Rodack: The gods dance at Cibola.
      Republished in 1993 as Les Indiens Zunis — Les dieux dansent à Cibola, éditions du Rocher/Nuage Rouge, preface by Olivier Delavault. Excerpts on sacred clowns from the 1993 edition: Quand les Katchinas dansent a Cibola(2). DANSEURS MASQUES ET CLOWNS SACRES DES ZUNIS
      Gilbert Durand (1960) Les structures anthropologiques de l'imaginaire
      Gilbert Durand (1984) 1964 L'imagination symbolique also found in SUP.: Initiation philosophique (1954)
      Revue de métaphysique et de morale: Volume 65 (1960) (Volumes 64-65, Volume 65) Review of Cazeneuve (1957), pp. 117-seq


      Further reading


      Jean Cazeneuve (1956) Sacred Clowns in New Mexico/Clowns sacrés du Nouveau Mexique, in Paris Review
      Jean Cazeneuve (1958) Les rites et la condition humaine. Paris : P. U. F.

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