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Source: Romanian lexis

The lexis of the Romanian language (or Daco-Romanian), a Romance language, has changed over the centuries as the language evolved from Vulgar Latin, to Common Romanian, to medieval, modern and contemporary Romanian. A large proportion (about 42%) of present-day Romanian lexis is not inherited from Latin and in some semantic areas loanwords far outnumber inherited ones making Romanian an example of a language with a high degree of lexical permeability.

Thraco-Dacian substrate

Romanian

Latin

Romanian

lexis

Romanian

Pre-Modern loanwords

= Slavic loanwords

Romanian

lexis

Romanian

= Greek loanwords

Romanian

= Hungarian loanwords

Romanian

= Turkish loanwords

Romanian

chiabur "rich peasant" (< Turkish kibār)
chibrit "lighter" (< Turkish kibrit)
chioșc "kiosk" (< Turkish köşk)
chior "sees with one eye" (< Turkish kör)
ciob "fragment" (< Turkish çöp)
cioban "shepard" (< Turkish çoban)
ciorapi "socks" (< Turkish çorab)
cișmea "installation" (< Turkish çeșme)
ciubuc "beading" (< Turkish çubuk)
cizmă "boot" (< Turkish çizme)
colan "girdle" (< Turkish kolan)
covată "trough" (< Turkish kuvata)
cusur "defective" (< Turkish kusur)
cutie "box" (< Turkish kûtu)
dulap "wardrobe" (< Turkish dolap)
dovleac "pumpkin" (< Turkish dövlek)
dugheană "impoverished" (< Turkish dükkân)
dușman "enemy" (< Turkish düşman)
dușumea "flooring" (< Turkish döşeme)
făraș "shovel" (< Turkish faraş)
farfurie "plate" (< Turkish farfuri)
felinar "lantern" (< Turkish fener)
fes "fez" (< Turkish fes)
fildeș "tusk" (< Turkish fildişi)
fitil "suppository" (< Turkish fitil)
furtun "hose" (< Turkish hortum)
geantă "smaller bag" (< Turkish çanta)
geam "window" (< Turkish cam)
get-beget "from ancestor to ancestor" (< Turkish ğedd bi ğedd)
ghiveci "pot" (< Turkish güvec)
habar "idea" (< Turkish haber)
haide/hai "come on" (< Turkish haydi)
haiduc "hajduk" (< Turkish haydut)
haimana "stray" (< Turkish haymana)
hal "bad condition" (< Turkish hal)
hamal "carrier" (< Turkish hamal)
hamam "bath" (< Turkish hamam)
harem "the cauldrons" (< Turkish harem)
hașiș "hashish" (< Turkish haşiş)
hatâr "service" (< Turkish hatır)
hazna "reservoir" (< Turkish hazne)
ibric "ibrik" (< Turkish ibrik)
imam "reciter in prayer" (< Turkish imam)
iorgovan "lilac" (< Turkish erguvan)
iureș "impetuous" (< Turkish yürügüş)
lighean "basin" (< Turkish liğen)
macara "crane" (< Turkish makara)
mahmur "sleepy" (< Turkish mahmur)
maimuță "monkey" (< Turkish maymun)
moft "whim" (< Turkish müft)
moșmodi "slow" (< Turkish moşmon)
murdar "dirty" (< Turkish murdar)
musafir "guest" (< Turkish misāfir)
mușteriu "client" (< Turkish müşteri)
năframă "cloth" (< Turkish mahrama)
nai "flute" (< Turkish ney)
narghilea "hookah" (< Turkish nargile)
nur "glory" (< Turkish nur)
oca "unit of measure" (< Turkish okka)
pafta "threader" (< Turkish pafta)
pașă "high titled" (< Turkish paşa)
pașalâc "despotic rule" (< Turkish paşalik)
patalama "diploma" (< Turkish batalama)
perdea "curtain" (< Turkish perde)
sadea "pure" (< Turkish sade)
șah "chess" (< Turkish şah)
șal "shawl" (< Turkish şal)
șerbet "sherbet" (< Turkish şerbet)
sictir "trivial swearing (< Turkish siktir)
șiret "profiter" (< Turkish şirret)
sultan "ruler" (< Turkish sultan)
suliman "herbaceous plant" (< Turkish sülümen)
surghiuni "exile" (< Turkish sürgün)
tabiet "pleasure" (< Turkish tabῑat)
tacâm "set" (< Turkish takim)
tacla "conversation" (< Turkish takla)
tain "provision" (< Turkish tayin)
talaș "sawdust" (< Turkish talaş)
tarabă "type of table" (< Turkish tarab)
taraf "party" (< Turkish taraf)
taman "complete" (< Turkish tamam)
tavă "plate" (< Turkish tava)
tavan "ceiling" (< Turkish tavan)
tembel "idiot" (< Turkish tembel)
tertip "arrangement" (< Turkish tertib)
teșcherea "memorandum" (< Turkish tezkere)
tevatură "loud" (< Turkish tevatür)
tichie "skullcap" (< Turkish takke)
tinichea "tin" (< Turkish teneke)
tipsie "tray" (< Turkish tepsi)
tiptil "slowly" (< Turkish tebdil)
tizic "prismatic cake" (< Turkish tezek)
toi "banquet" (< Turkish toy)
tuci "cast iron" (< Turkish tuç)
tutun "tobacco" (< Turkish tütün)
ursuz "sinister" (< Turkish uğursuz)
vizir "minister" (< Turkish vezir)
zaiafet "party" (< Turkish ziyāfet)
zar "dice" (< Turkish zar)
zaraf "moneychanger" (< Turkish sarraf)
zeflemea "kidding" (< Turkish zevklenmek)
zor "hurry" (< Turkish zor)
Food and beverage loanwords of Turkish origin:

airan "doogh" (< Turkish ayran)
baclava "baclava" (< Turkish baklava)
cafea "coffee" (< Turkish kahve)
caimac "cream" (< Turkish kaymak)
caisă "apricot" (< Turkish kayısı)
cașcaval "chesse" (< Turkish kaşkaval)
cataif "knafeh" (< Turkish künefe)
ceai "tea" (< Turkish çay)
covrig "simit" (< Turkish gevrek)
chefir "kefir" (< Turkish kefír)
chiftea "meatballs" (< Turkish köfte)
ciorbă "chorba" (< Turkish çorba)
dolma "dolma" (< Turkish dolma)
halva "sweet" (< Turkish halva)
iaurt "yogurt" (< Turkish yoğurt)
musaca "moussaka (< Turkish musakka)
pilaf "pilaf" (< Turkish pilav)
rachiu/rachie "fruit spirit" (< Turkish rakı)
rahat "turkish delight (< Turkish rahat lokkum)
sarmale "cabbage rolls" (< Turkish sarma)
șofran "saffron" (< Turkish şafran)
susan "sesame" (< Turkish susam)
telemea "telemea" (< Turkish teleme)
tulumbă "tulumba" (< Turkish tulumba)
Many Ottoman and Phanariot Greek words have acquired pejorative meanings compared with their original meaning:

Turkish çubuk ("stick") became ciubuc ("the tube of a hookah") and now is "bribe", since, like a pipe, it is offered to ease a deal.
Ottoman خزینه, hazine ("treasure, treasure chamber") became hazna ("septic tank, latrine").
Phanariot Greek πρα(γ)ματεία, pra(gh)matia ("practical-minded man") became pramatie ("immoral person"). Its cognate pragmatic from French pragmatique has maintained a neutral meaning.
Arabic ‏رَاحَة الْحُلْقُوم‎, rāḥa(t) al-ḥulqūm ("throat comfort"), through Turkish rahat lokum ("Turkish delights") became Romanian rahat ("shit").

= German loanwords

=
Less numerous, German loanwords first entered the language with the contact with Saxons colonists. Words like turn - tower referring to medieval architecture, but also şanţ; joagăr, buştean, şindrilă, leaț, şopron, şură from the field of woodwork were then joined by others such as cartof, bere, șurub, șvaițer, șpriț, and șnițel.

Modern Romanian

Romanian dialect, called Daco-Romanian in specialty literature to distinguish it from the other dialects of Common Romanian, inherited from Latin about 2000 words (a similar number to other Romance languages), a relatively small number compared to its modern lexis of 150000. In the 19th century, as the Romanian society transitioned from rural and agricultural towards urban and industrial, the lexis underwent a vigorous enrichment with loanwords from its Romance relatives, French and Italian. Many scholarly and technical terms were also imported from Neo-Latin. Some words, especially of Greek (arvună, ipochimen, simandicos) and Turkish (acadea, beizadea, hatâr) origin, fell into relative disuse or acquired an ironic connotation.
Among the words which entered the language:

deja "already" (from French déjà)
jena "disturb" (from French gener)
medic "physician" (from Latin medicus)
servi "serve" (from French or Italian)
ziar "newspapers" (from Italian diario)

A statistical analysis sorting Romanian words by etymological source carried out by Macrea (1961) based on the DLRM (49,649 words) showed the following makeup:

43% recent Romance loans (mainly French: 38.42%, Latin: 2.39%, Italian: 1.72%)
20% inherited Latin
11.5% Slavic (Old Church Slavonic: 7.98%, Bulgarian: 1.78%, Bulgarian-Serbian: 1.51%)
8.31% Unknown/unclear origin
3.62% Turkish
2.40% Modern Greek
2.17% Hungarian
1.77% German (including Austrian High German)
2.24% Onomatopoeic
If the analysis is restricted to a core vocabulary of 2,500 frequent, semantically rich and productive words, then the Latin inheritance comes first, followed by Romance and classical Latin neologisms, whereas the Slavic borrowings come third.
Romanian has a lexical similarity of 77% with Italian, 75% with French, 74% with Sardinian, 73% with Catalan, 72% with Portuguese and Rheto-Romance, 71% with Spanish.

Nowadays, the longest word in Romanian is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcaniconioză, with 44 letters, but the longest one admitted by the Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române ("Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language", DEX) is electroglotospectrografie, with 25 letters.