• Source: Rood

A rood or rood cross, sometimes known as a triumphal cross, is a cross or crucifix, especially the large crucifix set above the entrance to the chancel of a medieval church. Alternatively, it is a large sculpture or painting of the crucifixion of Jesus.




Derivation


Rood is an archaic word for pole, from Old English rōd 'pole', specifically 'cross', from Proto-Germanic *rodo, cognate to Old Saxon rōda, Old High German ruoda 'rod'.
Rood was originally the only Old English word for the instrument of Jesus Christ's death. The words crúc and in the North cros (from either Old Irish or Old Norse) appeared by late Old English; crucifix is first recorded in English in the Ancrene Wisse of about 1225. More precisely, the Rood or Holyrood was the True Cross, the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion. The word remains in use in some names, such as Holyrood Palace and the Old English poem The Dream of the Rood. The phrase "by the rood" was used in swearing, e.g. "No, by the rood, not so" in Shakespeare's Hamlet (Act 3, Scene 4).
The alternative term triumphal cross (Latin: crux triumphalis, German: Triumphkreuz), which is more usual in Europe, signifies the triumph that the resurrected Jesus Christ (Christus triumphans) won over death.




Position



In church architecture the rood, or rood cross, is a life-sized crucifix displayed on the central axis of a church, normally at the chancel arch. The earliest roods hung from the top of the chancel arch (rood arch), or rested on a plain "rood beam" across it, usually at the level of the capitals of the columns. This original arrangement is still found in many churches in Germany and Scandinavia, although many other surviving crosses now hang on walls.
If the choir is separated from the church interior by a rood screen, the rood cross is placed on, or more rarely in front of, the screen. Under the rood is usually the altar of the Holy Cross.




History


Numerous near life-size crucifixes survive from the Romanesque period or earlier, with the Gero Cross in Cologne Cathedral (AD 965–970) and the Volto Santo of Lucca the best known. The prototype may have been one known to have been set up in Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel in Aachen, apparently in gold foil worked over a wooden core in the manner of the Golden Madonna of Essen, though figureless jeweled gold crosses are recorded in similar positions in Hagia Sophia in Constantinople in the 5th century. Many figures in precious metal are recorded in Anglo-Saxon monastic records, though none now survive. Notables sometimes gave their crowns (Cnut the Great at Winchester Cathedral), necklaces (Lady Godiva to the Virgin accompanying the rood at Evesham Abbey), or swords (Tovi the Proud, Waltham Abbey) to decorate them. The original location and support for the surviving figures is often unclear but a number of northern European churches preserve the original setting in full – they are known as a Triumphkreuz in German, from the "triumphal arch" (or "chancel arch") of Early Christian architecture. As in later examples the Virgin and Saint John often flank the cross, and cherubim and other figures are sometimes seen. A gilt rood in the 10th-century Mainz Cathedral was only placed on a beam on special feast days.




Components






= Image of Christ

=
In the Romanesque era the crucified Christ was presented as ruler and judge. Instead of a crown of thorns he wears a crown or a halo; on his feet he wears "shoes" as a sign of the ruler. He is victorious over death. His feet are parallel to each other on the wooden support ("four-nail type") and not one on top of the other. The perizoma (loincloth) is highly stylized and falls in vertical folds.
In the transition to the Gothic style, the triumphant Christ becomes a suffering Christ, the pitiful Man of Sorrows. Instead of the ruler's crown, he wears the crown of thorns, his feet are placed one above the other and are pierced with a single nail. His facial expression and posture express his pain. The wounds of the body are often dramatically portrayed. The loincloth is no longer so clearly stylized. The attendant figures Mary and John show signs of grief.




= Attendant figures

=
A triumphal cross may be surrounded by a group of people. These people may include Mary and John, the "beloved disciple" (based on John's Gospel – John 19:25–27, Matthew 27:25f, Mark 15;40f and Luke 23:49), but also apostles, angels and the benefactor.

The triumphal cross of Öja Church in Öja on Gotland stands on a transverse beam beneath the triumphal arch and is flanked by two people: Mary and John.
The triumphal cross in the abbey church of Wechselburg stands in an elevated position on the rood screen and also has the same pair of attendant figures.
The triumphal cross in Schwerin Cathedral is also flanked by Mary and John. At the end of the cross' beam the evangelist's symbols may be seen.
In St. Mary's Church in Osnabrück there are only the empty stone pedestals of the attendant figures.
The triumphal cross above the screen in Halberstadt Cathedral is not flanked by Mary and John, but by two angels.
On the supporting beam of the triumphal cross in Lübeck Cathedral there is also a bishop, presumably the benefactor of the cross.




= Rood screens

=
Rood screens developed in the 13th century as wooden or stone screens, usually separating the chancel or choir from the nave, upon which the rood now stood. The screen may be elaborately carved and was often richly painted and gilded. Rood screens were found in Christian churches in most parts of Europe by the end of the Middle Ages, though in Catholic countries the great majority were gradually removed after the Council of Trent, and most were removed or drastically cut down in areas controlled by Calvinists and Anglicans. The best medieval examples are now mostly in the Lutheran countries such as Germany and Scandinavia, where they were often left undisturbed in country churches.
Rood screens are the Western equivalent of the Byzantine templon beam, which developed into the Eastern Orthodox iconostasis. Some rood screens incorporate a rood loft, a narrow gallery or just flat walkway which could be used to clean or decorate the rood or cover it up in Lent, or in larger examples used by singers or musicians. An alternative type of screen is the Pulpitum, as seen in Exeter Cathedral, which is near the main altar of the church.
The rood provided a focus for worship, most especially in Holy Week when worship was highly elaborate. During Lent the rood was veiled; on Palm Sunday it was revealed before the procession of palms, and the congregation knelt before it. The whole Passion story would then be read from the rood loft, at the foot of the crucifix, by three ministers.
Few original medieval rood crosses have survived in churches of the United Kingdom. Most were deliberately destroyed as acts of iconoclasm during the English Reformation and the English Civil War, when many rood screens were also removed. Today, in many British churches, the "rood stair" that gave access to the gallery is often the only remaining sign of the former rood screen and rood loft.
In the 19th century, under the influence of the Oxford Movement, roods and screens were again added to many Anglican churches.




Representative examples































= Germany

=
the Gero Cross in Cologne Cathedral
the Ottonian Cross in Kollegiatskirche St. Peter und Alexander, Aschaffenburg
the Helmstedt Cross in the treasure chamber of Werden Abbey
the triumphal cross in Lübeck Cathedral from the workshop of Bernt Notke, 1477, height 17 m
in St. Catherine's Church, Lübeck, around 1450
in Halberstadt Cathedral
in Wechselburg Abbey, Holy Cross basilica
in Naumburg Cathedral
in Doberan Minster
in Schwerin Cathedral (from St. Mary's, Wismar)
in Osnabrück in St. Mary's and in St. Peter's Cathedral
in Alfeld (Leine) in St. Nicholas' Church, around 1250
in Dinslaken, St. Vincent around 1310




= Sweden

=
On Gotland in several of the medieval churches, including Alskog, Alva, Bro, Fide, Fröjel, Grötlingbo, Hamra, Hemse, Klinte, Lye, Öja, Rute, Stenkumla and Stenkyrka. The one at Öja is particularly lavish.




= Finland

=
Hauho church, Hauho, Hämeenlinna
Kumlinge church, Kumlinge, Åland




= United Kingdom

=
Church of the Annunciation, Marble Arch, London
St Augustine's, Kilburn, London
St Gabriel's, Warwick Square, London
Grosvenor Chapel, Mayfair, London
St Mary-le-Bow, London
St Matthew's Church, Sheffield
Peterborough Cathedral
Church of St Protus and St Hyacinth, Blisland



Charlton-on-Otmoor Garland


A unique rood exists at St Mary's parish church, Charlton-on-Otmoor, near Oxford, England, where a large wooden cross, solidly covered in greenery stands on the early 16th-century rood screen (said by Sherwood and Pevsner to be the finest in Oxfordshire). The cross is redecorated twice a year, on 1 May and 19 September (the patronal festival, calculated according to the Julian Calendar), when children from the local primary school, carrying small crosses decorated with flowers, bring a long, flower-decorated, rope-like garland. The cross is dressed or redecorated with locally obtained box foliage. The rope-like garland is hung across the rood screen during the "May Garland Service".
An engraving from 1822/1823 (Dunkin) shows the dressed rood cross as a more open, foliage-covered framework, similar to certain types of corn dolly, with a smaller attendant figure of similar appearance. Folklorists have commented on the garland crosses' resemblance to human figures, and noted that they replaced statues of St Mary and Saint James the Great which had stood on the rood screen until they were destroyed during the Reformation. Until the 1850s, the larger garland cross was carried in a May Day procession, accompanied by morris dancers, to the former Benedictine Studley priory (as the statue of St Mary had been, until the Reformation). Meanwhile, the women of the village used to carry the smaller garland cross through Charlton, though it seems that this ceased some time between 1823 and 1840, when an illustration in J.H. Parker's A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture shows only one garland cross, centrally positioned on the rood screen.













See also


Chancel rails
The Dream of the Rood
Holy Rood Church (disambiguation)
Iconostasis
Legend of the Rood




Notes






References






Further reading


Manuela Beer: Triumphkreuze des Mittelalters. Ein Beitrag zu Typus und Genese im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert. Mit einem Katalog der erhaltenen Denkmäler ("Rood Crosses of the Middle Ages. An Article on the Typology and Genesis in the 12th and 13th Centuries. With a catalogue of surviving monuments"). Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg, 2005, ISBN 3-7954-1755-4
Der Erlöser am Kreuz: Das Kruzifix ("The Saviour on the Cross: the Crucifix"), rescissions in the portrayal of the Crucifix or Rood Cross.




External links



Archbishops' Council. "St. Mary's, Charlton-on-Otmoor". A Church Near You. Church of England. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
"Rood". Catholic Encyclopedia.
• Source: ROOD

ROOD, socialistische jongeren (lit. 'RED, socialist youth'; shortened to ROOD) is a Dutch revolutionary socialist youth organisation. It was the youth wing of the Socialist Party until 2021, and was previously known as ROOD, jong in de SP (lit. 'RED, young in the SP').




History


In the Socialist Party various groups had been active to attract young people to the party, one of these, known as J-team changed their name in 1999 to ROOD. Only in 2003 however ROOD became an official organisation.
From the very beginning ROOD was closely linked to the SP. The first chairperson of ROOD, Driek van Vugt became a member of the Dutch senate at age 18. For the municipal elections in 2006, 10% of the elected candidates were also a member of ROOD, and for the legislative elections in 2006, former chairperson Renske Leijten became a member of parliament for the SP.
In November 2020 the SP withdrew its funding from ROOD after multiple alleged instances of entryism. This included accusations of "infiltrated by communist radicals" and the youth organisation being accused of breaking party rules. Prior to this, the party had expelled a number of ROOD members who were accused of being members of Marxist Forum and/or Communist Platform, which the Socialist Party has stated are rival parties. ROOD was also publicly critical of statements made by the SP about forming a coalition with right wing parties, which further angered the party.
In June 2021, the party council of the SP decided to sever all ties with ROOD, meaning ROOD would no longer receive government subsidies. The SP subsequently announced that it would establish a new youth organization. In the coming months the Socialist Party expelled over 100 alleged members of ROOD from the SP.
Since then ROOD has continued as an independent youth organisation. In 2021 they adopted a new programme stating that they are a revolutionary socialist organisation.




Organisation


Locally, ROOD is organised in groups. There exist criteria for forming a group, such as a minimum number of (active) members. The number of groups is continuously fluctuating, but was 20 on average in 2005. ROOD-members can be anyone between 14 and 28. They formerly had to be a member of the SP, except for members below 16 years of age.
The highest organ of ROOD is the national members assembly, who elects a seven-member board. The current board consists of Robby Breejen-Bender, Jordi van Os, Simon de Zeeuw, Splinter Suidman and Hugues Demeulenaere. Former board members include Olaf Kemerink, who was chair during the conflict with the SP, Lieke Smits who was elected chairperson in may 2012, Leon Botter, who was chairman between 2009 and 2012, former chair Eva Gerrebrands, Gijsbert Houtbeckers, who was chairperson since June 2007, Renske Leijten who held the position since June 2005, the first formal chairperson Driek van Vugt between 2003 and 2005. Notable members of ROOD before it became an official organisation are Sjoerd de Jong (1999–2000) and Gerrie Elfrink (2000–2002).




Activities and stances


The main activities of ROOD are political activism and educating its members.




= Campaigns

=
In 2003, ROOD was active protesting against the obligation for all citizens to be always able to identify themselves, and against cuts in education. There were also buildings occupied to attract attention to the lack of housing for young people and at various universities, actions were held for fair trade coffee at universities. ROOD also sent a representative to the European Social Forum (ESF) in Paris.
Since 2003, ROOD organises a yearly Huisjesmelker van het Jaar vote, where students vote for the worst private landlord in the country. Since 2005, this poll is organised in cooperation with the Landelijke Studenten Vakbond and local councils of that organisation.
In 2004, ROOD started a campaign against animal testing in the cosmetics industry, in 2005 L'Oréal were targeted to stop animal testing when ROOD visited delivered a signed petition to the company.
ROOD also campaigns on international themes such as globalisation. In 2005, ROOD facilitated an exposition by young Palestinians about their culture, in different Dutch cities. After a visit of ROOD members to the occupied areas in Palestine, a declaration of friendship was signed with the football club Hapoel Bnei Sakhnin, by ROOD referred to as "FC Bnei Sakhnin". In the Netherlands, ROOD started a supporters club for this Arab Israeli club. ROOD also participated in the successful campaign against the European Constitution with the slogan "Zeg je ja of denk je na" ("do you say yes, or do you think?").

In 2006 ROOD organised two electoral campaigns of its own, supporting the SP in the municipal elections and in the national elections.
Also in 2006, ROOD started the website www.watvooreikelszijnjullie.nl, a parody of the government website www.watvooreikelbenjij.nl, meant to teach values to young people. ROOD's stated reasons for the satirical site are that the government site represents a waste of public money (ca. 1 million euro for the campaign) and that the language used by the government site lacks respect (wat voor eikel ben jij can be translated as what kind of dick are you). ROOD also criticised the fact that this site was obviously linked to MSN, which means free publicity for Microsoft.
Since 2007, ROOD has been organising actions for the improvement of the education system. The main focus of these actions was against the '1040 hour norm' (a norm that forces schools to give an unrealistic high amount of lessons, creating a huge amount of 'free hours' for students). This 1040 norm caused a spontaneous all-out strike among secondary school students.




= Publications

=
ROOD published two student newspapers:

The Blikopener (eyeopener), for HBO and university students;
The Code ROOD (code red), for all youths between the age of 14 and 28.
The Code ROOD appeared four times a year and contains political comments and news about activities by ROOD. The Blikopener appeared twice a year. They are distributed free of charge at schools, and in some places are distributed at homes in areas with many students.
Until 2006, ROOD had a monthly page in the party magazine, the Tribune.
Since 2006, ROOD was distributing the ROOD-magazine for its members. It is distributed twice a year and will contain in-depth political analysis for ROOD-members.




References






External links


Official website
Palestinian exposition, April 2005
Supportersclub FC Bnei Sakhnin

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