• Source: Royal war and popular war

Royal war" target="_blank">war and popular (or people's) war" target="_blank">war (Guerra regia e guerra di popolo) is a recurring concept in the historiography of the Italian Risorgimento, referring to the two possible forms in which the whole of Italy could be conquered and formed into a single independent state.




First Italian Independence war" target="_blank">War


In the First Independence war" target="_blank">War for Italy, which ended unfavourably for the Risorgimento cause, there was a balance between two initiatives: people's war" target="_blank">war and royal war" target="_blank">war. The notable moments in the people's war" target="_blank">war were:

the Five Days of Milan, chronologically the first notable action that led to the Austrians' exit from Milan, which was thus brought about solely by a spontaneous revolt by the city's inhabitants.
the Repubblica di San Marco, which governed Venice from 17 March 1848 to 22 August 1849 and only fell after a hard-fought siege.
the Ten Days of Brescia, in which Brescia's inhabitants responded to Austrian repression by resisting their troops from 23 March (the day of Piedmont's defeat at Novara) to 1 April 1849.
the Roman Republic from 24 November 1848 (the flight of pope Pius IX) to 3 July 1849.
The royal war" target="_blank">war was the campaign by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, including the battles of Goito, Peschiera del Garda, Custoza and Novara.




Second Italian Independence war" target="_blank">War


The Second Independence war" target="_blank">War was a typical example of royal war" target="_blank">war led by Victor Emmanuel II, allied to Napoleon III in conducting a war" target="_blank">war against Austria. The people's war" target="_blank">war was only a minor support Hunters of the Alps, a corps of volunteers commanded by Giuseppe Garibaldi and considered as a special unit within the royal army.




Expedition of the Thousand


The Expedition of the Thousand was entirely a people's war" target="_blank">war, with Garibaldi being its central figure.




Third Italian Independence war" target="_blank">War


In the Third Independence war" target="_blank">War, with the Italian defeats at Custoza and Lissa, was essentially a royal war" target="_blank">war, though the corps of volunteers under Garibaldi did win a victory at Bezzecca.




Analogy with the Resistance


The same contrast between royal war" target="_blank">war and people's war" target="_blank">war can be applied to the history of the Second World war" target="_blank">War, when a disastrous war" target="_blank">war under the royal and fascist régime was followed by the people's war" target="_blank">war of the Italian Resistance.




Notes






Bibliography


A. Monti, Guerra regia e guerra di popolo nel Risorgimento. in Questioni di Storia a cura di Rota. (1951)

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