• Source: Samalian language

Samalian was a Semitic language spoken and first attested in Samʼal.
Samalian is primarily known from three inscriptions, the Hadad Statue and the Panamuwa II inscription (KAI 214–215), both unearthed in the late 19th century, and a third known as the Kuttamuwa stele, unearthed in 2008.




Classification


Among the Semitic languages, Samalian shows most similarities to Aramaic. It has been earlier often considered an outright early dialect of Aramaic, possibly influenced by Canaanite. Strong evidence is however absent, and Samalian is best considered an independent member of the Northwest Semitic group, or, together with the Deir Alla Inscription, a sister variety of Aramaic in an "Aramoid" or "Syrian" group.




Linguistic features


Features connecting Samalian with Aramaic include:

a change *n > r in the word br 'son', though this is attested only as a part of personal names and may not have been the native word. The same phenomenon appears also in a Phoenician text from Sam'al (the Kilamuwa Stela).
loss of *ʔ in the word ḥd (< *ʔḥd) 'one'. This occurs sporadically also in biblical Hebrew and in the Phoenician dialect of Byblos.
a change *ɬʼ > q, e.g. ʔrq 'earth', known as an orthographic device also in Old Aramaic (in later Aramaic, Proto-Semitic *ɬʼ shifts instead to /ʕ/).
appearance of n for final m.
Pat-El & Wilson-Wright propose as additional general characteristics of Samalian the development of nasal vowels, as expected word-final n after long vowels is systematically absent in the Panamuwa inscriptions; as well as an object marker wt, cognate with Aramean ləwāt 'with'.




See also


Dialect continuum




Notes






References


Huehnergard, John (1995), "What is Aramaic?", ARAM Periodical, 7 (2): 261–282, doi:10.2143/ARAM.7.2.2002231
Kogan, Leonid (2015), Genealogical Classification of Semitic, de Gruyter
Pat-El, Na'ama; Wilson-Wright, Aren (2019), "The subgrouping of Samalian: Arguments in favor of an independent branch", Maarav, 23 (2): 371–387




Further reading

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Klasifikasi bahasa Arab
• Fonologi bahasa Arab
• Samalian language
• Aramaic
• Old Aramaic
• Bar-Rakib inscriptions
• Deir Alla inscription
• Semitic languages
• Panamuwa II inscription
• Hadad Statue
• Samʾal
• Northwest Semitic languages