• Source: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms

The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) is a rating scale that mental health professionals use to measure negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Negative symptoms are those conspicuous by their absence—lack of concern for one's appearance, and lack of language and communication skills, for example. Nancy Andreasen developed the scale and first published it in 1984. SANS splits assessment into five domains. Within each domain it rates separate symptoms from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe). The scale is closely linked to the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), which was published a few years later. These tools are available for clinicians and for research.




Background


Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by a range of behaviors, including hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations refer to disorders involving the sensory systems, and are most often manifested as seeing or hearing things (e.g., voices) that do not exist. Delusions include odd or unusual beliefs such as grandiosity or paranoia. Both hallucinations and delusions are inconsistent with reality. Other symptoms of schizophrenia include bizarre behavior, odd posture or movements, facial grimacing, loss of, or indifference to self-help skills (grooming, washing, toileting, feeding, etc.). Schizophrenia may also be marked by a host of social and communication deficits, such as social withdrawal, odd use of language, including excessive use of made up words (neologisms), incomprehensible combinations of words (word salad) or overall poverty of speech. The symptoms are often classified into two broad categories: positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms refer to those behaviors or condition that are present in schizophrenia but that are not present under typical conditions (hallucinations, delusions). Negative symptoms refer to those behaviors that are conspicuous because of their absence (grooming, language, communication). Several measures or rating scales have been developed to assess the positive and negative aspects of schizophrenia.




Items






= Affective Flattening or Blunting

=
Unchanging Facial Expression
Decreased Spontaneous Movements
Paucity of Expressive Gestures
Poor Eye Contact
Affective Nonresponsivity
Lack of Vocal Inflections
Global Rating of Affective Flattening
Inappropriate Affect




= Alogia

=
Poverty of Speech
Poverty of Content of Speech
Blocking
Increased Latency of Response
Global Rating of Alogia




= Avolition – Apathy

=
Grooming and Hygiene
Impersistence at Work or School
Physical Anergia
Global Rating of Avolition – Apathy




= Anhedonia – Asociality

=
Recreational Interests and Activities
Sexual Interest and Activity
Ability to Feel Intimacy and Closeness
Relationships with Friends and Peers
Global Rating of Anhedonia-Asociality




= Attention

=
Social Inattentiveness
Inattentiveness During Mental Status Testing
Global Rating of Attention
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS)




See also


Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry)±
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS)




References


Andreasen NC: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) . Iowa City, University of Iowa, 1984;
Andreasen NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982 Jul;39(7):784-8.
PMID 7165477

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Influenza
• Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms
• Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms
• Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
• Alogia
• Thought disorder
• Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
• List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
• Psychological testing
• Schizophrenia
• Personality Assessment Inventory