• Source: Scapteriscus

Scapteriscus is a genus of insects in the family Gryllotalpidae, the mole crickets. Members of the genus are called two-clawed mole crickets. They are native to South America. Some species have arrived in other regions (by flight or as contaminants of ship ballast or cargoes), including parts of North America, where some have become invasive and have become established as pests.




Description


These are medium-sized or large mole crickets characterized by the structures on their forelegs: two sharp claws and a blade-like process with a sharp flange or tooth. Other mole crickets have three or four claws. Like other mole crickets, these burrow in the ground and the males produce calls with their tegmina.




Impacts


Scapteriscus species have been called "the most damaging crickets in the New World". The major pest species include S. abbreviatus, S. borellii, S. didactylus, and S. vicinus. These burrowing insects are pests of lawns, pastures, and gardens. Some species feed on plant roots and seedlings, while others are carnivorous and damage turf with their digging activity. They are notorious in the Southeastern United States, where they have been called "the most damaging insect pests of turf and pasture grasses in Florida". S. didactylus is invasive in Australia, where it damages turf, especially on golf courses, and attacks crops such as rice and peppers.
In French Guiana, S. didactylus is a predator of the eggs of the critically endangered leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea).
Agents of biological pest control have proved effective for these mole crickets. The nematode Steinernema scapterisci kills the mole cricket by carrying bacteria into its body, introducing an overwhelming infection. The tachinid fly Ormia depleta is a parasitoid that leaves its carnivorous larva on the body of the mole cricket The crabronid wasp Larra bicolor (family Crabronidae) catches the mole cricket and sticks an egg to it. When the larva emerges, it consumes the mole cricket alive.




Diversity


In 2003, 21 species were in the genus. More have since been described.
Species include:

Scapteriscus abbreviatus – short-winged mole cricket
Scapteriscus borellii – southern mole cricket
Scapteriscus cerberus
Scapteriscus costaricensis
Scapteriscus didactyloides
Scapteriscus didactylus – West Indian mole cricket, changa
Scapteriscus ecuadorensis
Scapteriscus grossi
Scapteriscus imitatus – imitator mole cricket
Scapteriscus macrocellus
Scapteriscus peruvianus
Scapteriscus quadripunctatus
Scapteriscus saileri
Scapteriscus tenuis
Scapteriscus vicinus – tawny mole cricket
Scapteriscus zeuneri
Two species of Scapteriscus were separated and placed in the new genus Indioscaptor.




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Anjing tanah
• Scapteriscus
• Mole cricket
• Neoscapteriscus vicinus
• Neoscapteriscus borellii
• Neoscapteriscus abbreviatus
• Larra bicolor
• Steinernema
• Ormia depleta
• List of invasive species in Texas
• Pheropsophus aequinoctialis