- Source: Second Battle of the Somme
The Second Battle of the Somme of 1918 was fought during the First World War on the Western Front from late August to early September, in the basin of the River Somme. It was part of a series of successful counter-offensives in response to the German Spring Offensive, after a pause for redeployment and supply.
The most significant feature of the two 1918 Somme battles was that with the failure of the first 1918 Somme Battle (not to be confused with the 1916 Battle of the Somme) having halted what had begun as a large German offensive, the second formed the central part of the Allies' advance to the Armistice of 11 November.
On August 15, British field marshal Douglas Haig refused demands from Supreme Allied Commander Marshal Ferdinand Foch to continue the Amiens offensive, as that attack was faltering as the troops outran their supplies and artillery, and German reserves were being moved to the sector. Instead, Haig began to plan for an offensive at Albert.
The British Third Army, with the United States II Corps launched the next phase of the campaign with the Battle of Albert on 21 August. The assault was widened by French and then further British forces in the following days. During the last week of August, the Allied pressure along a 110-kilometre (68 mi) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting. From German accounts, "Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on-storming enemy, and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines."
The second battle began on 21 August with the opening of the Second Battle of Bapaume to the north of the river itself. That developed into an advance which pushed the German Second Army back over a 55 kilometre front, from south of Douai to La Fère, south of Saint-Quentin, Aisne. Albert was captured on 22 August. On 26 August, the British First Army widened the attack by another twelve kilometres, sometimes called the Second Battle of Arras. Bapaume fell on 29 August. The Australian Corps crossed the Somme River on the night of 31 August, and broke the German lines at the Battle of Mont St. Quentin and the Battle of Péronne. The British Fourth Army's commander, General Henry Rawlinson, described the Australian advances of 31 August – 4 September as the greatest military achievement of the war.
On the morning of 2 September, the Canadian Corps seized control of the Drocourt-Quéant line (representing the west edge of the Hindenburg Line). The battle was fought by the Canadian 1st Division, 4th Division, and by the British 52nd Division. Heavy German casualties were inflicted, and the Canadians also captured more than 6,000 unwounded prisoners. Canada's losses amounted to 5,600. By noon that day the German commander, Erich Ludendorff, had decided to withdraw behind the Canal du Nord.
Faced with these advances, on the German Oberste Heeresleitung ('Supreme Army Command') issued orders to withdraw in the south to the Hindenburg Line. This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April. According to Ludendorff, "We had to admit the necessity ... to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle."
By 3 September, the Germans had been forced back to the Hindenburg Line, from which they had launched their offensive in the spring.
On their way to the Hindenburg Line, in a fierce battle, the Canadian troops, led by General Sir Arthur Currie, overcame the earthworks of the incomplete Canal du Nord during the Battle of Canal du Nord.
In late September-early October, one of the epic battles of the whole war was the breach of the Hindenburg Line (the Battle of St. Quentin Canal) by British, Australian and American troops (under the command of Australian general John Monash). Soon after, the Canadians breached the Hindenburg Line at the Battle of Cambrai.
See also
List of Canadian battles during World War I
Hundred Days Offensive (1918)
References
= Bibliography
=
Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). Chronicle of the First World War. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2595-4. OCLC 19398100.
Ludendorff, Erich (1919). My War Memories, 1914–1918. OCLC 60104290. also published by Harper as "Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914 – November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liège to the Signing of the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army" OCLC 561160 (original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918)
Nicholson, Gerald W.L. (1962). Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queens Printer and Controller of Stationery. OCLC 2317262. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007.
Pitt, Barrie (2003). 1918: The Last Act. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-0-85052-974-6. OCLC 56468232.
Terraine, John (1963). Ordeal of Victory. J.B. Lippincott. ISBN 978-0-09-068120-4. OCLC 1345833.
Further reading
Bomford, Michele (2012). Beaten Down by Blood: The Battle of Mont St Quentin-Péronne 1918. Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 9781921941948. OCLC 794935136.
Cowley, Robert (1964). 1918: Gamble for Victory: The Greatest Attack of World War I. Macmillan. OCLC 861763448.
Harper, Glyn (2003). Spring Offensive: New Zealand and the Second Battle of the Somme. HarperCollins. ISBN 186950481X. OCLC 54528921.
Horsfall, Jack (2006). The Third Army's Advance to Victory: Western Front 1918. Pen & Sword. ISBN 1844154092. OCLC 67873232.
Marix Evans, Martin (2010). Somme 1914–18: Lessons in War. The History Press. ISBN 9780752455259. OCLC 551415357.
Murland, Jerry (2014). Retreat and Rearguard – Somme 1918. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781781592670. OCLC 880197455.
External links
Philpott, William: Battles of Somme in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Media related to Second Battle of the Somme at Wikimedia Commons
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