- Source: Seeing Islam as Others Saw It
Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam from the Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam series is a book by scholar of the Middle East Robert G. Hoyland.
The book contains an extensive collection of Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Latin, Jewish, Persian, and Chinese primary sources written between 620 and 780 AD in the Middle East, which provides a survey of eyewitness accounts of historical events during the formative period of Islam.
The book presents the evidentiary text of over 120 seventh-century sources, one of which (Thomas the Presbyter) contains what Hoyland believes is the "first explicit reference to Muhammad in a non-Muslim source:"
In the year 945, indiction 7, on Friday 7 February (634) at the ninth hour, there was a battle between the Romans and the Arabs of Muhammad (tayyaye d-Mhmt) in Palestine twelve miles [19 km] east of Gaza. The Romans fled, leaving behind the patrician Bryrdn, whom the Arabs killed. Some 4000 poor villagers of Palestine were killed there, Christians, Jews and Samaritans. The Arabs ravaged the whole region.
According to Michael G. Morony, Hoyland emphasizes the parallels between Muslim and non-Muslim accounts of history emphasizing that non-Muslim texts often explain the same history as the Muslim ones even though they were recorded earlier. He concludes "Hoyland's treatment of the materials is judicious, honest, complex, and extremely useful."
Sources
= Greek sources
=A Christian Apologist of 634
John Moschus
Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem
Pope Martin I
Maximus the Confessor
Anti-Jewish Polemicists of the Seventh Century
The Miracles of S. Demetrius and S. George
Anastasius of Sinai
Patriarch Germanus
Cosmas of Jerusalem
Stephen the Sabaite
John the Eremopolite
A Greek-Coptic Papyrus
Berlin Papyrus 10677
Timothy the Stylite
= West Syrian, Coptic and Armenian sources
=Fragment on the Arab Conquests
Thomas the Presbyter
Homily on the Child Saints of Babylon
Gabriel of Qartmin
Sebeos, Bishop of the Bagratunis
Benjamin I, Patriarch of Alexandria
Maronite Chronicle
George of Resh'aina
Daniel, Bishop of Edessa
Athanasius of Balad, Patriarch of Antioch
Isaac, Patriarch of Alexandria
John, Bishop of Nikiu
Theodotus of Amida
Jacob of Edessa
Zacharias, Bishop of Sakha
Simeon of the Olives
A Coptic Papyrus
Theophilus I of Alexandria
Letter of Bishop Jonah
= East Syrian sources
=Isho'yahb III of Adiabene
Chronicle of Khuzestan
Rabban Hormizd
John bar Penkaye
Hnanisho' the Exegete
John of Daylam
Isho'bokht, Metropolitan of Fars
Abbots of the Monastery of Sabrisho'
Isho'dnah of Basra
Thomas of Marga
= Latin sources
=Fredegar, a Frankish Chronicler
Arculf
Willibald
Later testimonia
Historia miscella
Morienus the Greek
= Chinese sources
=T'ung tien
The Official T'ang History
Ts'e-fu yuan-kuei
Apocalypses and visions
= Syriac texts
=Ps.-Ephraem
Ps.-Methodius
Edessene Pseudo-Methodius and John the Little
Bahira
Pseudo-Ezra
Copto-Arabic texts
Pseudo-Shenoute
Apocalypse of Pseudo-Athanasius
Apocalypse of Samuel of Qalamun and Pisentius of Qift
Coptic Apocalypse of Daniel
Book of the Rolls
= Greek texts
=Pseudo-Methodius, Greek translation
Greek Apocalypse of Daniel
Vision of Enoch the Just
Stephen of Alexandria
Life of Andrew the Fool
= Hebrew texts
=The Secrets of Rabbi Simon ben Yohai
Pesiqta rabbati
Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer
Jewish Apocalypse on the Umayyads
Signs of the Messiah
On That Day
Hazzan Daniel
= Persian texts
=Bahman Yasht
Jamasp Namag
Bundahishn
Denkard
A Pahlavi Ballad on the End of Times
The Prophecy of Rostam
Persian Apocalypse of Daniel
= Muslim Arabic texts
=Signs of the Hour
`Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and the Mahdi
Tiberius, Son of Justinian
An Apocalyptic Chronicle
Martyrologies
= Greek texts
=Sixty Martyrs of Gaza
George the Black
A Christian Arab of Sinai
Peter of Capitolias
Sixty Pilgrims in Jerusalem
Elias of Damascus
Romanus the Neomartyr
Copto-Arabic texts
Menas the Monk
Thomas, Bishop of Damascus
= Armenian texts
=David of Dwin
= Syriac texts
=Michael the Sabaite
`Abd al-Masih al-Najrani al-Ghassani
A Muslim at Diospolis
Chronicles and histories
= Syriac texts
=Theophilus of Edessa
Chronicle of Zuqnin
Ehnesh inscription
Dionysius of Tellmahre
Chronicle of 819
Chronicle of 846
Elias of Nisibis
= Latin texts
=Byzantine-Arab Chronicle of 741
Hispanic Chronicle of 754
= Greek texts
=Theophanes the Confessor
Patriarch Nicephorus
A Short Chronology ad annum 818
= Other
=Armenian texts
Christian Arabic texts
Agapius of Hierapolis
Eutychius of Alexandria
Chronicle of Siirt
History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria
Jewish texts
Samaritan texts
Derivative accounts
Apologies and disputations
= Syriac texts
=Patriarch John I and an Arab commander
Monk of Beth Hale and an Arab notable
Timothy I
Bahira
Greek texts
John of Damascus
correspondence of Leo III the Isaurian and Umar II
= Christian Arabic texts
=Fi tathlith Allah al-wahid
Papyrus Schott Reinhard no. 438
Masa'il wa-ajwiba `aqliya wa-ilahiya
= Jewish texts
=The Ten Wise Jews
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
= Latin texts
=Istoria de Mahomet
Tultusceptru de libro domni Metobii
= Dubia
=John the Stylite
Abjuration
MS Mingana 184
See also
Islamic studies by author
References and notes
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Abdullah bin Sa'ad
- Piagam Madinah
- Doctrina Jacobi
- Abu Turab
- Tongdian
- Dionisius I Telmaharoyo
- Robert G. Hoyland
- Kronik Khuzestan
- Du You
- Daftar pengeklaim Mesias Yahudi
- Seeing Islam as Others Saw It
- Historicity of Muhammad
- Aniconism in Islam
- Robert G. Hoyland
- Fragment on the Arab Conquests
- Salih
- The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History
- Yazid III
- Muhammad
- Marwan II
