• Source: Siege of Santiago

The siege of Santiago, also known as the siege of Santiago de Cuba, was the last major operation of the Spanish–American War on the island of Cuba.




Santiago campaign


The primary objective of the American Fifth Army Corps' invasion of Cuba was the capture of the city of Santiago de Cuba. U.S. forces had driven back the Spaniards' first line of defense at the Battle of Las Guasimas, after which General Arsenio Linares pulled his troops back to the main line of defense against Santiago along San Juan Heights. In the charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill U.S. forces captured the Spanish position. At the Battle of El Caney the same day, U.S. forces took the fortified Spanish position and were then able to extend the U.S. flank on San Juan Hill. The destruction of the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba allowed U.S. forces to safely besiege the city.




Siege



On July 3, 1898, the same day as the naval battle, Major General William "Pecos Bill" Shafter began the siege of Santiago. Shafter fortified his position on San Juan Heights. General Henry W. Lawton's division moved up from El Caney extending the U.S. right flank to the north. To the northwest, Cuban rebels under the command of Calixto Garcia extended the U.S. line to the bay. General Arsenio Linares had been severely wounded at the Battle of San Juan Hill and was replaced by General José Toral y Velázquez. The Spanish also had German military advisors helping to man and operate their artillery.: 191  Toral had a good defensive position and Shafter knew he would sustain severe casualties from a frontal assault. All Spanish ships were destroyed bringing forth the reason for surrender.
The Americans began their siege of the city. U.S. artillery sited on the heights pounded the city, while U.S. forces supported by Cuban rebels choked off all water and food supplies to the city.: 192  On July 3, a relief column was able to fight its way through Garcia's rebels and into the city bringing Toral's force to a total of 13,500.: 192  On July 4, a cease fire was enacted to evacuate roughly 20,000 citizens from the city.: 193  Also, on July 4, four .30 Army Gatlings from Lt. John Parker's Gatling Gun Detachment were moved to Fort Canosa in support of the siege, as was a dynamite gun and sixteen field guns.: 196  Over the next thirteen days, the Gatlings were used to fire 6,000 to 7,000 rounds into the city of Santiago, causing many casualties.
On July 8, Toral proposed to surrender Santiago if his troops could be evacuated to Holguin.: 205  Washington officials would not accept Toral's proposal and the truce ended on July 10.: 206  Shafter was now pressed for time as Yellow fever appeared.: 206  Shafter and the U.S. Navy under William T. Sampson continued to bomb the city with little effect militarily.: 206  General Miles arrived on July 11 along with several regiments, eight field guns and eight light mortars.: 207 




Surrender



Everyone involved wanted a quick end to the campaign, and at 0900 on July 13, Toral, Shafter, Miles and Joseph Wheeler met under a large tree between lines to discuss surrender terms.: 208  The Americans proposed Secretary of War Russell A. Alger's offer to repatriate the Spanish garrison to Spain.: 209 
Shafter relied on his friend Dr. George E. Goodfellow's excellent knowledge of Spanish to help negotiate the final surrender after the Battle of San Juan Hill. Goodfellow attributed part of his success to a bottle of "ol' barleycorn" he kept handy in his medical kit which he properly prescribed to himself and Spanish General Toral, lending a more convivial atmosphere to the conference.
On July 16, after both governments agreed to the terms of capitulation ("surrender" was avoided), in which Toral surrendered his garrison and all troops in the Division of Santiago, an additional 9,000 soldiers.: 210  The Spanish also ceded Guantanamo City and San Luis. The Spanish troops marched out of Santiago on July 17.
: 210 




Aftermath


The siege effectively ended the major fighting on Cuba, but the war was not yet over. Yellow fever had spread through the U.S. Army before the surrender had taken place, and some 4,000 U.S. soldiers were ill with malaria, yellow fever, and dysentery by July 28.: 210–211  Many officers, notably Theodore Roosevelt, fought for the removal of the army from Cuba, writing the Round Robin, which was leaked to the press.: 212  The Fifth Army Corps was recalled and sent to Camp Wikoff, where of the 20,000 men sent there, only 257 died from yellow fever or malaria.: 213 
The Red Cross ship, City of Texas, with Clara Barton aboard, was the first ship into Santiago harbor.: 210  Plans were made for a major assault on Havana, but the next major campaign of the war came on Puerto Rico, led by General Miles.: 201 




See also


Battles of the Spanish–American War
Santiago order of battle




Notes






References


Konstam, Angus San Juan Hill 1898: America's Emergence as a World Power (1998)
Marrin, Albert The Spanish–American War (1991)
Parker, John H. (Lt.), The Gatlings At Santiago, Middlesex, U.K.: Echo Library (reprinted 2006)

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