• Source: Siege of Zhvanets

The siege of Zhvanets (Ukrainian: Облога Жванця, Polish: Oblężenie Żwańca; September – 15 December, 1653) was fought between the Cossack Hetmanate, Crimean Khanate and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a part of the Khmelnytskyi Uprising. Near the site of the present-day village of Zhvanets on the Dniester River in Ukraine, a forces of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Crimean Tatars under the command of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, Ivan Bohun and İslâm III Giray besieged the Polish–Lithuanian forces under the command of John II Casimir. The siege ended with a victorious outcome for the Cossacks and the Tatars, after which the Treaty of Zboriv was renewed.




Background


Despite poor quality of Polish soldiers and their officers, as cream of the Polish Army had been murdered in the Batih massacre (June 1652), the spring offensive of 1653 progressed successfully. The situation changed when Khmelnytsky’s Cossacks joined forces with Tatars commanded personally by Islam III Giray. When news of this reached King Jan Kazimierz Waza, he decided to abandon his positions in Bar, Ukraine, and head towards Zhvanets, to await Moldavian and Transilvanian reinforcements.
Polish forces camped at the confluence of the Zhvanchyk and the Dniestr rivers, building a pontoon bridge over the Dniester, to keep in touch with Bucovina. The reinforcements were inadequate: George II Rakoczi sent 2000 soldiers, while Gheorghe Stefan, only 1000.




Siege


Bohdan Khmelnytsky decided not to make a frontal attack of the Polish camp. Instead, he chose a long-lasting siege, which began in late August 1653, and dragged on throughout autumn into December. As time went by and the weather worsened, Polish defenders began to starve, and a number of soldiers fled their positions in search of food. The situation was anxiously observed by Khan Islam III Giray, who did not wish for complete destruction of Polish forces, as this would eventually strengthen the Cossacks, who, despite the temporary alliance, were his traditional enemies. Furthermore, in late autumn news from Moscow came: the Russians wanted to protect Ukraine, and wage war against Poland.
Under the circumstances, on December 16, 1653, Poles and Tatars agreed to an oral truce. Khmelnytsky had to end the siege: his only achievement was that the Poles agreed to renew the Treaty of Zboriv. Polish Army finally left the camp, while Cossacks headed towards Pereyaslav, where the Treaty of Pereyaslav was signed in 1654.




References



Władysław Andrzej Serczyk: Na płonącej Ukrainie. Dzieje Kozaczyzny 1648-1651. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza, 1998, p. 328-329. ISBN 83-05-12969-1.
Maciej Franz: Wojskowość Kozaczyzny Zaporoskiej w XVI-XVII wieku. Geneza i charakter. Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2004, p. 222. ISBN 83-73-22803-9.
Гумилев, Лев (2023). От Руси к России. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-17-153845-3.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Siege of Zhvanets
• Zhvanets
• Ivan Sirko
• Ivan Bohun
• List of battles by geographic location
• List of battles 1601–1800
• Moldavian campaign (1684–1691)
• Chortomlyk Sich
• List of wars involving Poland
• Khmelnytsky Uprising