• Source: Siesta

      • A siesta (from Spanish, pronounced [ˈsjesta] and meaning "nap") is a short nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal. Such a period of sleep is a common tradition in some countries, particularly those in warm-weather zones. The "siesta" can refer to the nap itself, or more generally to a period of the day, generally between 2 and 5 p.m. This period is used for sleep, as well as leisure, midday meals, or other activities.
      Siestas are historically common throughout the Mediterranean and Southern Europe, the Middle East, mainland China, and the Indian subcontinent. The siesta is an old tradition in Spain and, through Spanish influence, in most of Latin America and the Philippines. The Spanish word siesta is originally derived from the Latin phrase [hora] sexta ('sixth [hour]', counting from dawn, hence "midday rest").
      Factors explaining the geographical distribution of the modern siesta are warm temperatures and heavy intake of food at midday meals. Combined, these two factors contribute to the feeling of post-lunch drowsiness. In many countries that practice the siesta, the summer heat can be unbearable in the early afternoon, making a midday break at home welcome.


      Biological need for naps


      The timing of sleep in humans depends upon a balance between homeostatic sleep propensity, the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode, and circadian rhythms which determine the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode. The homeostatic pressure to sleep starts growing upon awakening. The circadian signal for wakefulness starts building in the (late) afternoon. As professor of sleep medicine Charles Czeisler notes, "the circadian system is set up in a beautiful way to override the homeostatic drive for sleep."
      Thus, in many people, there is a dip when the drive for sleep has been building for hours and the drive for wakefulness has not yet started. This is, again quoting Czeisler, "a great time for a nap". The drive for wakefulness intensifies through the evening, making it difficult to get to sleep 2–3 hours before one's usual bedtime when the wake maintenance zone ends.


      In different countries



      Taking a long lunch break including a nap is common in a number of Mediterranean, tropical, and subtropical countries. The Washington Post of 13 February 2007 reports at length on studies in Greece that indicate that those who nap have less risk of heart attacks.
      In the United States, the United Kingdom, and a growing number of other countries, a short sleep has been referred to as a "power nap", a term coined by Cornell University social psychologist James Maas and recognized by other research scientists such as Sara Mednick as well as in the popular press. Siesta is also practiced in some still colder regions, such as Patagonia. The power nap is called riposo in Northern Italy and pennichella or pisolino in Southern Italy.
      It used to be the custom in Russia, with Adam Olearius stating such was "the custom of the Countrey, where sleep is as necessary after Dinner as in the Night". One source of hostility toward False Dmitriy I was that he did not "...indulge in the siesta.": 535 
      In Southern Italy, the siesta is called controra (from contro ("counter") + ora "hour") that is considered a magical time of the day, in which the world comes back into the possession of ghosts and spirits. In Dalmatia (coastal Croatia), the traditional afternoon nap is known as pižolot (from Venetian pixolotto).
      In Egypt, as with other Middle Eastern countries, government workers typically work for six hours a day, six days a week. Due to this schedule, workers do not eat lunch at work, but instead leave work around 2 pm and eat their main meal, which is the heaviest, at lunchtime. Following the heavy lunch, they take a taaseela or nap and have tea upon waking up. For dinner, they usually have a smaller meal.
      Einhard's Life of Charlemagne describes the emperor's summertime siestas: "In summer, after his midday meal, he would eat some fruit and take another drink; then he would remove his shoes and undress completely, just as he did at night, and rest for two or three hours."
      In China, taking a nap after lunch, known as 午睡 (noon sleep), is a common practice among people. Surveys indicate that about two-thirds of the Chinese population habitually takes afternoon naps, with the average duration being approximately 30 minutes.


      = Spain

      =

      In modern Spain, the midday nap during the working week is being gradually abandoned among the adult working population. According to a 2009 survey, 16.2 percent of Spaniards polled claimed to take a nap "daily", whereas 22 percent did so "sometimes", 3.2 percent "weekends only" and the remainder, 58.6 percent, "never". The share of those who claimed to have a nap daily had diminished by 7 percent compared to a previous poll in 1998. Nearly three out of four siesta-takers claimed to take siestas on the sofa rather than the bed.

      The habit is more likely among the elderly or during summer holidays, in order to avoid the high temperatures of the day and extend social life until the cooler late evenings and nights.
      English-language media often conflates the siesta with the two to three hour lunch break that is characteristic of Spanish working hours, even though the working population is less likely to have time for a siesta and the two events are not necessarily connected. In fact, the average Spaniard works longer hours than almost all their European counterparts (typically 11-hour days, from 9 am to 8 pm).
      As for the origins of the practice in Spain, the scorching summer heat predominant mostly in the South is thought to have motivated those doing agrarian work to take a break to avoid the hottest part of the day and be able to work longer hours when it is cooler. In cities, the economic situation in Spain during the post-Spanish Civil War years was dismal. At that time, a long midday break—with or without a siesta—was necessary for those commuting between the part-time jobs which were common in the sputtering economy. This situation was soon followed by the advent of a modern economy and urbanization.


      Cardiovascular benefits



      The siesta habit has been associated with a 37 percent reduction in coronary mortality, possibly due to reduced cardiovascular stress mediated by daytime sleep.
      Epidemiological studies on the relations between cardiovascular health and siesta have led to conflicting conclusions, possibly because of poor control of confounding variables, such as physical activity. It is possible that people who take a siesta have different physical activity habits, for example, waking earlier and scheduling more activity during the morning. Such differences in physical activity may lead to different 24-hour profiles in cardiovascular function. Even if such effects of physical activity can be discounted in explaining the relationship between siesta and cardiovascular health, it is still not known whether the daytime nap itself, a supine posture, or the expectancy of a nap is the most important factor.


      See also


      Aestivation


      References




      = Works cited

      =
      Naska, A.; Oikonomou, E.; Trichopoulou, A.; Psaltopoulou, T.; Trichopoulos, D. (2007). "Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population". Archives of Internal Medicine. 167 (3): 167, 296–301. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.3.296. PMID 17296887.
      Zaregarizi, MohammadReza (March 2012). Effects of Exercise & Daytime Sleep on Human Haemodynamics: With Focus on Changes in Cardiovascular Function during Daytime Sleep Onset. ISBN 978-3-8484-1726-1.


      Further reading


      Zaregarizi, Mohammad Reza; Edwards, Ben; George, Keith; Harrison, Yvonne; Jones, Helen; Atkinson, Greg (2007). "Acute changes in cardiovascular function during the onset period of daytime sleep: Comparison to lying awake and standing". J Appl Physiol. 103 (4): 1332–1338. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00474.2007. PMID 17641220.


      External links



      Why we could all do with a Siesta – An article about research results from the University of Manchester.
      Is there a decline in Siesta – An article about the decline in siesta.
      Medical disadvantages correlated with Siesta – An article from the Oxford Journal.

    • Source: Siesta!

      • SiESTA! was an annual music festival that took place in Hässleholm, Sweden, between 2003 and 2014. It was arranged for the first time in 2003 by the non-profit organization KF Markan.


      History


      KF Markan was founded in March 1989. Before the first Siesta! in 2003 the organization arranged another festival called Festival Blå until 2001 when the board decided to change the direction of the festival. 2002 was a gap year where KF Markan made up the plans for Siesta!
      The festival took place in the outskirts of Hässleholm during three days in the first weekend of June between Thursday and Saturday. The number of people attending the festival grew from 1,000 to ten times that number in four years. The audience was mainly from Sweden, Norway and Denmark. The cornerstones of the festival was faith, hope and love.
      In 2013, the festival was cancelled at short notice due to poor ticket sales; only 2,400 tickets had been sold and a loss of 4 to 5 million kroner was anticipated. The festival returned in 2014 on a smaller scale, but was cancelled in 2015 after the organisers, Kulturföreningen Markan, applied for bankruptcy.


      Stages




      Lineups


      2003
      The Ark, Joddla Med Siv, Loserville, Christian Kjellvander, David and The Citizens, Her Majesty, Marit Bergman, Lotta Wenglén Band, Pete Thompson, Thousand Dollar Playboys, Whyte Seeds, Dynamo Chappel, Last Days of April
      2004
      Weeping Willows, Bergman Rock, Eskobar, Latin kings, Timbuktu + Damn, José Gonzales, Last Days of April, Mattias Hellberg, Shout out louds, Alice in videoland, Niccokick, Sugarplum fairys, Jens Lekman, Pete Thompson, My sweet medicine, Wet, The Unisex, The Bukks, Idiot Savants
      2005
      Bergman Rock, The Ark, Moneybrother, Silverbullit, Svenska Akademien, Nina Rochelle, Ison & Fille, Kristofer Åström & The Hidden Truck, Suburban Kids with Biblical Names, Johnossi, Logh, Strip Music, [ingenting], The Spitts, Fatboy, Seven feet four, Scraps of Tape, Artmade, Double 0, Todd Smith, The great Decay, Oscar & The Firemasters of Sweden, Bye bye beauties, Babylonians, Andreas Tilliander, Son Kite, Sophie Rimheden, Slagsmålsklubben, Hans Appelqvist, Sapporo 72, Peter Ripa, Libra, mRq5, Tsukimono
      2006
      Advance Patrol, Audrey Blood Music, Body Core, Burst, CuteTarmac, David & the Citizens, Dia Psalma, DJ Fransjäger, Familjen, Hello Saferide, Henrik Berggren, Hets, Intohimo, Jenny Wilson, Kristian Anttila, Maeds Dominos, Mew, Montt Mardié, Morpheena, Pascal, Peps Persson & Blodsbandet, Sci-Fi Skane, Sleazy Joe, Soak the Sin, Spånka, Talkin to teapots, The Great Decay, The Radio Dept. ,The Slaves, The Sounds, The Tiny, Timo Räisänen, U.W.O, Velouria, Whyte Seeds
      2007
      The Animal Five, Asha Ali, Black Belt, The Concretes, The Consequences, Detektivbyrån, Ed Harcourt [UK], Familjen, Fibes, Oh Fibes!, Jesse Malin [US], Juvelen, Kristofer Åström & Rainaways, Laakso, Lamont, Maeds Dominos, Melody Club, Miss Li, Molotov Jive, Moonbabies, Mustasch, Navid Modiri & Gudarna, Neverstore, Nikola Sarcevic, The Paper Faces, The Pen Expers, Peps Blodsband, Per Arnez, Porn och Grafik, The Plan, Promoe, Radical Cheerleaders, The Rockets, Sahara Hotnights, Salem al Fakir, Shout Out Louds, Slagsmålsklubben, Svenska Akademien, Thunder Express, Teddybears STHLM, Tingsek
      2008
      Alf, Adam Tensta, Alter Me [GRL], All-time low [US], Andi Almqvist, Anna Järvinen, Babian, Bahnhof [DK], Billie the vision & The Dancers, Britta Persson, Caesars, Christian Kjellvander, Disfear, Doktor Kosmos, Eagles of Death Metal [US], El Perro Del Mar, Enter Shikari [UK], Familjen, Firefox AK, First Floor Power, Florence Valentin, Håkan Hellström, Hästpojken, Jazz Attacks, Jive! (inställt), Johnossi, Jonas Game, José Gonzalez, Jucifer [US], Kristian Antilla, Kultiration, La Puma, Loop Troop Rockers, Lukestar [NO], Lykke Li (inställt), Masshysteri, Millencolin, Moneybrother, Moto Boy, Nephew [DK], Niccokick, Pascal, Path of No Return, Rubies [US], Scraps of Tape, Sunset Rubdown [CAN], The Deer Tracks, The Ettes [US], The Radio Dept., The Sunshine, Those Dancing Days, Today is the day [US], Truckfighters, Under Byen [DK], Vapnet, Zeigeist
      2009
      Abramis Brama, Adept, Adiam Dymott, Alesana [US], Anna Maria Espinosa, Anna Ternheim, Anti-Flag [US], As In RebekkaMaria [DK], Casiokids [NO], Cult Of Luna, Dag För Dag, David Sandström, Overdrive, Dead By April, Division of Laura Lee, Dundertåget, Dúné [DK], Eldkvarn, Expatriate [AU], Fatboy, Frida Hyvönen, Handen på hjärtat: (Deportees, Franke, Gustaf Spetz, Jonathan Johansson, The (International) Noise Conspiracy), herbrightskies, Hoffmaestro & Chraa, I are droid, Jenny Wilson, Joel Alme, John ME (inställt), Junior Boys [CA], Kleerup, Lazee, Mando Diao, Marissa Nadler [US], Markus Krunegård, Molotov Jive, Navid Modiri & Gudarna, Nordpolen, Parken, Parker Lewis, Phoenix [FR], Placebo [UK], Promoe & Spiderdogs, Rumble In Rhodos [NO], Sonic Youth [US], The Blackout [UK], The Horrors [UK], The High Fives, The Spitts, Tiger Lou, Tysta Mari, Timbuktu & Damn, Wildbirds & Peacedrums
      Artister - Casa!
      2010
      Amanda Jenssen, Andreas Söderlund, Andreas Tilliander, Anna von Hausswolff, Babian, Babylove & The Van Dangos [DK], Bad Hands, Bahnhof [DK], bob hund, Bruket, Built to Spill [US], Danko Jones [US], Dead Prez [US], Dinosaur Jr. [US], Familjen, Fibes! Oh Fibes!, First Aid Kit, Gaby and the Guns, Cristian Dinamarca, Elias and the Wizzkids, Hästpojken, Invasionen, Kristian Anttila, Mattias Alkberg + Nerverna, Monty, Name The Pet, (ingenting), Intohimo, Jesaiah, Johnossi, Kapten Röd, Khoma, Maskinen, Mew [DK], Mofeta & Jerre, Mustasch, Näääk, Ossler, Pascal, Per Egland, Röyksopp [NO], Satan Takes A Holiday, Sophie Rimheden, Stefan Sundström, Teddybears, The Bear Quartet, The Hives, The Radio Dept. Thåström, Timo Räisänen
      2011
      ...And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead, Adam Tensta, Adept, Adrian Lux, Alcoholic Faith Mission, Ane Brun, Asking Alexandria, August Burns Red, Billie the Vision and the Dancers, bob hund, Bombus, Britta Persson, Bullet, Crookers, Dada Life, Daniel Adams-Ray, Den Svenska Björnstammen, Dundertåget, Graveyard, Håkan Hellström, Hanna Turi, Hårda Tider, Henrik Berggren, Her Bright Skies, Hercules and Love Affair, Imperial State Electric, Kadawatha, Ladytron [UK], Last Days Of April, Looptroop Rockers, Marcus Price & Carli, Me And My Army, Meshuggah, Mohammed Ali, Odyssey, Oh Land [DK], Oskar Linnros, Plain White T's [US], Raunchy [DK], Rebecca & Fiona, Riddarna, Sahara Hotnights, Slagsmålsklubben, Stor, Twin Atlantic, The Ark, The Kooks, The Sounds, This is Head, Wolfmother [AU], Young Guns


      References

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