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Source: Simon problems

In mathematics, the Simon problems (or Simon's problems) are a series of fifteen questions posed in the year 2000 by Barry Simon, an American mathematical physicist. Inspired by other collections of mathematical problems and open conjectures, such as the famous list by David Hilbert, the Simon problems concern quantum operators. Eight of the problems pertain to anomalous spectral behavior of Schrödinger operators, and five concern operators that incorporate the Coulomb potential.
In 2014, Artur Avila won a Fields Medal for work including the solution of three Simon problems. Among these was the problem of proving that the set of energy levels of one particular abstract quantum system was in fact the Cantor set, a challenge known as the "Ten Martini Problem" after the reward that Mark Kac offered for solving it.
The 2000 list was a refinement of a similar set of problems that Simon had posed in 1984.

Context

problems

. Here

x

i

∈

R

3

{\displaystyle x_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}}

is the coordinate of the

i

{\displaystyle i}

-th particle,

Δ

i

{\displaystyle \Delta _{i}}

is the Laplacian with respect to the coordinate

x

i

{\displaystyle x_{i}}

. Even if the Hamiltonian does not explicitly depend on the state of the spin sector, the presence of spin has an effect due to the asymmetry condition on the total wave-function.
We define

E
(
N
,
Z
)
:=

min

H

f

H
(
N
,
Z
)

{\displaystyle E(N,Z):=\min _{{\mathcal {H}}_{f}}H(N,Z)}

, that is, the ground state energy of the

(
N
,
Z
)

{\displaystyle (N,Z)}

system.
We define

N

0

(
Z
)

{\displaystyle N_{0}(Z)}

to be the smallest value of

N

{\displaystyle N}

such that

E
(
N
+
j
,
Z
)
=
E
(
N
,
Z
)

{\displaystyle E(N+j,Z)=E(N,Z)}

for all positive integers

j

{\displaystyle j}

; it is known that such a number always exists and is always between

Z

{\displaystyle Z}

and

2
Z

{\displaystyle 2Z}

, inclusive.