• Source: SMS Scorpion (1877)

SMS Scorpion was an ironclad gunboat of the Wespe class built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in the 1870s. The ships, which were armed with a single 30.5 cm (12 in) MRK L/22 gun, were intended to serve as part of a coastal defense fleet.




Design



Development of the Wespe class of ironclad gunboats began in the 1850s, after the first ironclads were introduced during the Crimean War. Through the 1860s, the Federal Convention examined various proposals, which included plans to build at least eight vessels, to as many as eighteen armored warships. The decision was finalized based on the fleet plan conceived by General Albrecht von Stosch, the new Chief of the Kaiserliche Admiralität (Imperial Admiralty), in the early 1870s. He envisioned a fleet oriented on defense of Germany's Baltic and North Sea coasts, which would be led by the ironclad corvettes of the Sachsen class. These were to be supported by larger numbers of small, armored gunboats, which became the Wespe class.
Scorpion was 46.4 meters (152 ft 3 in) long overall, with a beam of 10.6 m (34 ft 9 in) and a draft of 3.2 to 3.4 m (10 to 11 ft). She displaced 1,098 metric tons (1,081 long tons) as designed and 1,163 t (1,145 long tons) at full load. The ship's crew consisted of 3 officers and 73 to 85 enlisted men. She was powered by a pair of double-expansion steam engines that drove a pair of 4-bladed screw propellers, with steam provided by four coal-fired cylindrical fire-tube boilers, which gave her a top speed of 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) at 800 metric horsepower (790 ihp). At a cruising speed of 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph), she could steam for 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi).
The ship was armed with one 30.5 cm (12 in) MRK L/22 gun in a barbette mount that had a limited arc of traverse. In practice, the gun was aimed by turning the ship in the direction of fire. The Wespes were intended to beach themselves on the sandbars along the German coastline to serve as semi-mobile coastal artillery batteries. The armored barbette was protected by 203 mm (8 in) of wrought iron, backed with 210 mm (8.3 in) of teak. The ship was fitted with a waterline armor belt that was 102 to 203 mm (4 to 8 in) thick, with the thickest section protecting the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazine. The belt was backed with 210 mm of teak. An armor deck that consisted of two layers of 22 mm (0.87 in) of iron on 28 mm (1.1 in) of teak provided additional protection against enemy fire.




Service history



Scorpion, named for the earlier gunboat Scorpion, was built at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen. Her keel was laid down in July 1876, and she was launched on 19 May 1877. Alexander Georg Mosle, the director of the shipyard and also a member of the Reichstag (Imperial Diet), gave a speech during the launching ceremony. Work on the ship was completed late that year, and she was commissioned into active service on 12 December. After sea trials, she was placed in reserve, and saw no further service for the next several years. In this time, by 1883, the ship had been refitted with an additional 8.7 cm (3.4 in) L/24 built-up guns, a pair of 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and two 35 cm (14 in) torpedo tubes in her bow, both of which were below the waterline. Scorpion recommissioned for the first time on 5 September 1885, for a short period of training exercises as part of the Marinestation der Nordsee (North Sea Naval Station). These took place in Jade Bight and the outer roadstead, and concluded on 8 October. Scorpion then returned to the reserve fleet.
The ship remained out of service for another decade, before being reactivated on 13 July 1895 for service with the Armored Gunboat Division, based in Danzig in the Baltic Sea. This lasted for less than three weeks, and Scorpion was again placed in reserve on 1 August. She returned to active service on 3 August 1897, under the command of Kapitänleutnant (Captain Lieutenant) Friedrich Musculus. Over the next two months, she participated in the fleet's annual training maneuvers, as part of the Armored Gunboat Reserve Division. Following the conclusion of the exercises, Scorpion was decommissioned on 1 October. The ship was recommissioned on 1 October 1898, and at this time served as the flagship of the Armored Gunboat Reserve Division. She led training cruises off the coast of East Prussia that concluded on 11 November. In 1899, Scorpion spent the summer months, from 6 June to 15 September, as part of the Training Fleet.
Scorpion remained in active service through much of 1900. During this period, on 16 June, she and her sister Natter represented the German fleet at the opening of the Elbe–Lübeck Canal, which was officiated by Kaiser Wilhelm II. In July, the four Brandenburg-class battleships were sent to China in response to the Boxer Uprising, so Scorpion, Natter, and their sisters Mücke and Crocodill took their place in the annual fleet maneuvers. Following the exercises, she made a training cruise to Kiel. She was decommissioned for the last time on 24 September in Danzig, where she was laid up at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard). The ship was struck from the naval register on 18 March 1911, and was then converted into a stationary torpedo firing platform for use by the torpedo workshop in Flensburg. She was used in that capacity through World War I until 1918. She was eventually sold on 3 August 1919, after which she was used as a floating workshop to assist in ship breaking in Kiel. Scorpion was herself broken up in 1924.




Notes






References


Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 7. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. OCLC 310653560.
Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present] (in German). Vol. 8. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag.
Lyon, David (1979). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 240–265. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
Sondhaus, Lawrence (1997). Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• SMS Scorpion (1877)
• SMS Scorpion
• List of ships of the Imperial German Navy
• SMS Scorpion (1860)
• SMS Sachsen
• SMS Mücke
• Wespe-class gunboat
• Jäger-class gunboat
• List of naval ships of Germany
• SMS Zieten