- Source: Snub (geometry)
In geometry, a snub is an operation applied to a polyhedron. The term originates from Kepler's names of two Archimedean solids, for the snub cube (cubus simus) and snub dodecahedron (dodecaedron simum).
In general, snubs have chiral symmetry with two forms: with clockwise or counterclockwise orientation. By Kepler's names, a snub can be seen as an expansion of a regular polyhedron: moving the faces apart, twisting them about their centers, adding new polygons centered on the original vertices, and adding pairs of triangles fitting between the original edges.
The terminology was generalized by Coxeter, with a slightly different definition, for a wider set of uniform polytopes.
Conway snubs
John Conway explored generalized polyhedron operators, defining what is now called Conway polyhedron notation, which can be applied to polyhedra and tilings. Conway calls Coxeter's operation a semi-snub.
In this notation, snub is defined by the dual and gyro operators, as s = dg, and it is equivalent to an alternation of a truncation of an ambo operator. Conway's notation itself avoids Coxeter's alternation (half) operation since it only applies for polyhedra with only even-sided faces.
In 4-dimensions, Conway suggests the snub 24-cell should be called a semi-snub 24-cell because, unlike 3-dimensional snub polyhedra are alternated omnitruncated forms, it is not an alternated omnitruncated 24-cell. It is instead actually an alternated truncated 24-cell.
Coxeter's snubs, regular and quasiregular
Coxeter's snub terminology is slightly different, meaning an alternated truncation, deriving the snub cube as a snub cuboctahedron, and the snub dodecahedron as a snub icosidodecahedron. This definition is used in the naming of two Johnson solids: the snub disphenoid and the snub square antiprism, and of higher dimensional polytopes, such as the 4-dimensional snub 24-cell, with extended Schläfli symbol s{3,4,3}, and Coxeter diagram .
A regular polyhedron (or tiling), with Schläfli symbol
{
p
,
q
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and Coxeter diagram , has truncation defined as
t
{
p
,
q
}
{\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and , and has snub defined as an alternated truncation
h
t
{
p
,
q
}
=
s
{
p
,
q
}
{\displaystyle ht{\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}=s{\begin{Bmatrix}p,q\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and . This alternated construction requires q to be even.
A quasiregular polyhedron, with Schläfli symbol
{
p
q
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}}
or r{p,q}, and Coxeter diagram or , has quasiregular truncation defined as
t
{
p
q
}
{\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}}
or tr{p,q}, and or , and has quasiregular snub defined as an alternated truncated rectification
h
t
{
p
q
}
=
s
{
p
q
}
{\displaystyle ht{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}=s{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q\end{Bmatrix}}}
or htr{p,q} = sr{p,q}, and or .
For example, Kepler's snub cube is derived from the quasiregular cuboctahedron, with a vertical Schläfli symbol
{
4
3
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}4\\3\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and Coxeter diagram , and so is more explicitly called a snub cuboctahedron, expressed by a vertical Schläfli symbol
s
{
4
3
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}4\\3\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and Coxeter diagram . The snub cuboctahedron is the alternation of the truncated cuboctahedron,
t
{
4
3
}
{\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}4\\3\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and .
Regular polyhedra with even-order vertices can also be snubbed as alternated truncations, like the snub octahedron, as
s
{
3
,
4
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}3,4\end{Bmatrix}}}
, , is the alternation of the truncated octahedron,
t
{
3
,
4
}
{\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}3,4\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and . The snub octahedron represents the pseudoicosahedron, a regular icosahedron with pyritohedral symmetry.
The snub tetratetrahedron, as
s
{
3
3
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}3\\3\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and , is the alternation of the truncated tetrahedral symmetry form,
t
{
3
3
}
{\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}3\\3\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and .
Coxeter's snub operation also allows n-antiprisms to be defined as
s
{
2
n
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}2\\n\end{Bmatrix}}}
or
s
{
2
,
2
n
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}2,2n\end{Bmatrix}}}
, based on n-prisms
t
{
2
n
}
{\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}2\\n\end{Bmatrix}}}
or
t
{
2
,
2
n
}
{\displaystyle t{\begin{Bmatrix}2,2n\end{Bmatrix}}}
, while
{
2
,
n
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}2,n\end{Bmatrix}}}
is a regular n-hosohedron, a degenerate polyhedron, but a valid tiling on the sphere with digon or lune-shaped faces.
The same process applies for snub tilings:
= Examples
== Nonuniform snub polyhedra
=Nonuniform polyhedra with all even-valance vertices can be snubbed, including some infinite sets; for example:
= Coxeter's uniform snub star-polyhedra
=Snub star-polyhedra are constructed by their Schwarz triangle (p q r), with rational ordered mirror-angles, and all mirrors active and alternated.
= Coxeter's higher-dimensional snubbed polytopes and honeycombs
=In general, a regular polychoron with Schläfli symbol
{
p
,
q
,
r
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p,q,r\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and Coxeter diagram , has a snub with extended Schläfli symbol
s
{
p
,
q
,
r
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}p,q,r\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and .
A rectified polychoron
{
p
q
,
r
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q,r\end{Bmatrix}}}
= r{p,q,r}, and has snub symbol
s
{
p
q
,
r
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}p\\q,r\end{Bmatrix}}}
= sr{p,q,r}, and .
= Examples
=There is only one uniform convex snub in 4-dimensions, the snub 24-cell. The regular 24-cell has Schläfli symbol,
{
3
,
4
,
3
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}3,4,3\end{Bmatrix}}}
, and Coxeter diagram , and the snub 24-cell is represented by
s
{
3
,
4
,
3
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}3,4,3\end{Bmatrix}}}
, Coxeter diagram . It also has an index 6 lower symmetry constructions as
s
{
3
3
3
}
{\displaystyle s\left\{{\begin{array}{l}3\\3\\3\end{array}}\right\}}
or s{31,1,1} and , and an index 3 subsymmetry as
s
{
3
3
,
4
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}3\\3,4\end{Bmatrix}}}
or sr{3,3,4}, and or .
The related snub 24-cell honeycomb can be seen as a
s
{
3
,
4
,
3
,
3
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}3,4,3,3\end{Bmatrix}}}
or s{3,4,3,3}, and , and lower symmetry
s
{
3
3
,
4
,
3
}
{\displaystyle s{\begin{Bmatrix}3\\3,4,3\end{Bmatrix}}}
or sr{3,3,4,3} and or , and lowest symmetry form as
s
{
3
3
3
3
}
{\displaystyle s\left\{{\begin{array}{l}3\\3\\3\\3\end{array}}\right\}}
or s{31,1,1,1} and .
A Euclidean honeycomb is an alternated hexagonal slab honeycomb, s{2,6,3}, and or sr{2,3,6}, and or sr{2,3[3]}, and .
Another Euclidean (scaliform) honeycomb is an alternated square slab honeycomb, s{2,4,4}, and or sr{2,41,1} and :
The only uniform snub hyperbolic uniform honeycomb is the snub hexagonal tiling honeycomb, as s{3,6,3} and , which can also be constructed as an alternated hexagonal tiling honeycomb, h{6,3,3}, . It is also constructed as s{3[3,3]} and .
Another hyperbolic (scaliform) honeycomb is a snub order-4 octahedral honeycomb, s{3,4,4}, and .
See also
Snub polyhedron
References
Coxeter, Harold Scott MacDonald; Longuet-Higgins, M. S.; Miller, J. C. P. (1954). "Uniform polyhedra". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 246 (916). The Royal Society: 401–450. Bibcode:1954RSPTA.246..401C. doi:10.1098/rsta.1954.0003. ISSN 0080-4614. JSTOR 91532. MR 0062446. S2CID 202575183.
Coxeter, H.S.M. Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 (pp. 154–156 8.6 Partial truncation, or alternation)
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 [1], Googlebooks [2]
(Paper 17) Coxeter, The Evolution of Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams, [Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde 9 (1991) 233–248]
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380–407, MR 2,10]
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559–591]
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3–45]
Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999, ISBN 978-0-486-40919-1 (Chapter 3: Wythoff's Construction for Uniform Polytopes)
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5
Weisstein, Eric W. "Snubification". MathWorld.
Richard Klitzing, Snubs, alternated facetings, and Stott–Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams, Symmetry: Culture and Science, Vol. 21, No.4, 329–344, (2010) [3]
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Daftar bentuk matematika
- Snub (geometry)
- Snub cube
- Snub disphenoid
- Snub (disambiguation)
- Snub dodecahedron
- List of polygons, polyhedra and polytopes
- Snub square antiprism
- Snub trihexagonal tiling
- Cube
- Icosahedron
