• Source: Sogeram languages

    • The Sogeram languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. They are named after the Sogeram River.
    In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogeram family were called "Wanang", after the Wanang River. The exceptions were Faita, placed as a separate branch of the Southern Adelbert languages, and Mum–Sirva (then called the "Sikan" family), which were classified with the other branch, Josephstaal (Tomul River).


    Languages


    Daniels (2016) classifies the Sogeram languages in three branches, including some recently documented languages.

    Sogeram
    West Sogeram (Wurm et al's "Atan" family)
    Mand
    Nend
    Central Segeram
    Manat
    Apalɨ
    North Central Sogeram (Sikan): Mum, Sirva
    "East" Sogeram
    Gants
    Kursav
    Aisian: Magɨ, Aisi
    Daniels (2017), following Pawley, resolves the issue of Gants by classifying it as East Sogeram, closest to Kursav though he refrains from claiming the two languages form a clade. He notes that the name "East Sogeram" is no longer geographically appropriate, as Gants would be the westernmost Sogeram language.
    Recently discovered Magɨyi may also be a Sogeram language, with the forms of identified cognates closest to Mum.
    Because these languages form a chain, where each influences its neighbors, the branching of the family is not clear. Usher divides the languages in nearly the same way, differing only in the placement of Manat:

    Sogeram River
    West Sogeram River
    Atemple–Nend: Atemble (Atemple, Mand), Nend (Angaua)
    Paynamar (Manat)
    Central Sogeram River
    Apali (Emerum)
    Mum–Sirva: Mum (Katiati), Sileibi (Sirva)
    South Sogeram River
    Faita (Kulsab/Kursav)
    Gants
    Musak (Aisi)


    = Names

    =
    Below are Sogeram language names in Daniels (2015) compared to names listed in Z'graggen (1975), along with their respective meanings.: 6 


    Proto-language



    A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram has been proposed by Daniels (2015).


    = Phonology

    =
    Proto-Sogeram phonemic inventory according to Daniels (2015):: 55 


    = Pronouns

    =
    Daniels (2017) reconstructs the pronouns as follows:

    Compare Ross's proto-Madang singular pronouns *ya, *na, *nu/*ua.


    = Lexicon

    =
    Selected lexical reconstructions from Daniels (2015) are listed below.: 360–392 


    = Comparisons

    =
    The following is a comparative table of reconstructed forms in Proto-Sogeram and Proto-Northern Adelbert.: 472 


    References




    Further reading



    Daniels, Don. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics 49(1), 163–193.
    Daniels, Don. 2015. A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram Phonology, Lexicon, and Morphosyntax. Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara.
    Daniels, Don. 2020. Grammatical reconstruction: The Sogeram languages of New Guinea. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
    Online word lists
    Proto-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.
    Proto-Central-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.
    Proto-Eastern-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.
    Proto-Western-Sogeram. TransNewGuinea.org. From Daniels, D. 2010. A preliminary phonological history of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics, 49, 163-193.

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