• Source: Sonnet 4

Sonnet 4 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a procreation sonnet within the Fair Youth sequence.




Synopsis


Shakespeare urges the man to have children, and thus not waste his beauty by not creating more children.
To Shakespeare, unless the male produces a child, or “executor to be", he will not have used nature's beauty correctly. Shakespeare uses economic terminology ("usurer", "sums", "executor", "audit", "profitless") to aid in portraying the young man's beauty as a commodity, which nature only "lends" for a certain amount of time.

Nature's bequest gives nothing but doth lend,
And being frank she lends to those are free
Shakespeare finishes with a warning of the fate of he who does not use his beauty:

Thy unused beauty must be tomb'd with thee,
Which, used, lives th' executor to be.
The Speaker begins Sonnet 4 (quatrain 1) by asking his male friend why he must waste his beauty on himself, because nature doesn't give people gifts besides the ones we get at birth. However, nature does lend to those who are generous with their own beauty. The second quatrain is about the speaker asking a friend, the subject of the poem, why he abuses the plentiful and generous gifts he was given, which are meant to be shared with others. Then the speaker goes on to ask why he vows to be a bad shareholder, using up what he has to offer but not able to care for himself or reserve his own money. One literary piece sums this up as the "idea of miser versus money-lender". This is questioning whether or not he should loan money. Should he be a lender or should he keep from giving his money away, coming off as a miser. In quatrain 3, the speaker is trying to persuade his male friend to have children because he says that not doing so would be a waste of the man's beauty. The speaker says that there is no reason why his friend should remain alone and let his beauty die off with him. Joseph Pequigney said that Shakespeare's sonnets have "erotic attachment and sexual involvement with the fair young man with whom all of sonnets 1-126 are concerned". Sonnet 4 clearly is a part of this group and does indeed have some references that can be taken as emotional descriptions. The couplet suggests that the young man has valuable attraction that is not being used properly or appreciated.




Basic structure and rhyme scheme


The rhyme scheme of the sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg, the typical rhyme scheme for an English or Shakespearean sonnet. There are three quatrains and a couplet which serves as an apt conclusion. The fourth line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter line:

× /× / × / × / × /
And being frank, she lends to those are free (4.4)

/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.




Themes, imagery, and specific character(s)


Sonnet 4 is one of the procreation sonnets, which are sonnets 1–17. This sonnet, as well, is focused on the theme of beauty and procreation. The characters of Sonnet 4 are the speaker and his good friend (known as the young man). In the book A Companion to Shakespeare's Sonnet, edited by Michael Schoenfeldt, Shakespeare critic Schoenfeldt describes the differences in the way the speaker and the young man are portrayed in procreation sonnets, saying "The desiring male subject (the speaker) has a clear, forceful voice... But the desired male object (the young man) in the sonnets has no voice". This certainly holds true in Sonnet 4 as the speaker addresses the young man the entire time with the young man's voice never being heard.
Later in the same book, an essay from Shakespeare critic Garret A. Sullivan Jr. describes the relationship between the speaker and the young man which is seen in sonnet four, saying "The young man of the procreation sonnets, then, is the object of admonition; the poet (speaker) urgently seeks to make him change his ways, and, as we shall see does so in the intertwined names of beauty and memory and in the face of oblivion". Sonnet Four follows these very themes with the speaker praising his friend, the young man, for his beauty, he moves on to say that his friend not having children would be inexcusable, when he says "Then how when nature calls thee to be gone: What acceptable audit canst though leave?" (lines 11–12) Here the speaker is using the unpredictability of nature to try to convince his friend to hurry up and have children. He also tries to appeal to his friend's emotions by saying, "For having traffic with thyself alone, / Thou of thyself thy sweet self dost deceive" (lines 9-10). The speaker is saying that is wrong and deceives the friend's own self if he decides to remain single and childless. Line 11 also contains a sexually suggestive play on words when the speaker says "having traffic with thyself alone". The idea of being alone is used by the speaker as being the pathetic alternative to marrying and having a family.
The speaker seems to personify nature in the first quatrain in saying: "Nature's bequest gives nothing, but doth lend, / And being frank, she lends to those are free" (lines 3–4). The speaker is saying that nature gives gifts at birth, and calls on people, giving something inhuman human-like characteristics. Several words in the sonnet; such as "bequest", "usurer" and "sum"; also make explicit the accounting motif of the prior sonnets.
The couplet sums up with a potential answer to all of the questions that the author was posing throughout the entire sonnet. He says, "thy unused beauty must be tombed with thee" in the first line of the couplet. This is suggesting that the young man has valuable attraction that is not being used properly or appreciated. It seems as if the speaker is insinuating that the beauty will die with the young man. The last line of the couplet says, "which usèd, lives th'executor to be." Here it seems as if the speaker is saying that if the young man uses his beauty, then it will prolong his life. The word "executor" hints at both death and accounting.




Criticism


Many critics seem to agree with H.E. Rollins that Shakespeare's Sonnets "provide direct evidence concerning Shakespeare's private life". There was even a scholar who posed the idea that the sonnets are divided into "two groups: all those which suggest moral irregularities are 'dramatic'; the rest are written in Shakespeare's own person".




= "Use"

=
One of the major themes throughout Quatrain 2 of Sonnet 4, as well as in a few other Procreation Sonnets, is the variations of "use", as noticed by Halpern. Krieger points out that this repetition of the various forms of "use" are also seen in Sonnets 6 and 9.
Critics take the repetition of different forms of "use" to mean many different things. It is pointed out by one critic that "the procreation sonnets display with particular brilliance Shakespeare's ability to manipulate words which in his language belonged both to the economic and the sexual/biological semantic fields". This is definitely applicable to the word and manipulation of the word "use". In terms of sexuality, it is commonly thought that the speaker is "advising the young man on the proper 'use' of his semen". The same critic also interprets the sonnet as the man misusing his semen by masturbating. Seen throughout many of the Procreation Sonnets is the idea that "the proper 'use' of semen involves not the creation of life as such but the creation of beauty". The sonnet may not only be referencing masturbation though, the "language of usury in the procreation sonnets [is a language that] has strong associations with both prostitution and sodomitical relations". There is, however, an economic aspect as well, changing the connotation of the quatrain. "Usury may denote a specific economic practice," but also at this time, "it [meant] all that seemed destabilizing and threatening in the socioeconomic developments affecting early modern England".




= Sexuality

=
The poem can be read simply for its ideas regarding the young man's beauty being expressed metaphorically in terms from the world of money, but the sonnet contains subsidiary meanings or innuendoes that refer to masturbation or auto-eroticism. The innuendos suggest it is a waste for the young man to spend his seed on self-gratification, and not use it for reproduction.




= Beauty

=
Joseph Pequigney said that Shakespeare's sonnets have "erotic attachment and sexual involvement with the fair young man with whom all of sonnets 1-126 are concerned". Sonnet 4 clearly is a part of this group and does indeed have some references that can be taken as emotional descriptions. However, many critics seem to think that sonnet 4 is an exception in the sense that it points something much deeper than sexual attachments. Pequigney states that the sonnet "correlate economic and carnal operations, and it abounds in inconsistencies". These inconsistencies that Pequigney mentions are things like "unthrifty beauty" is later then "beauteous niggard" and how this "'profitless user' who invests large 'sums' yet cannot 'live'". They allow for the following description of the Youth:
One that can "at one and the same time be a prodigal and a miser, can be extravagant with himself yet unable to 'live in posterity,' and can utilize while refraining from utilizing the sexuality of his fetching self".
This complexity is what creates a "transmission of beauty" and, according to Pequigney, this is what makes "the masturbation" unacceptable.
Simon Critchley says that the meaning of the couplet is that "if you don't reproduce you can leave no acceptable audit". He evens compares Sonnet 4 to The Merchant of Venice in which Shakespeare is trying to emphasize themes concerning "increase, contract, abundance, waste, 'niggarding,' or miserliness". This can be seen in the aforementioned complexities described by Pequigney. It seems as if the Speaker is insinuating that the beauty will die with the young man. This idea is reinforced by Joyce Stuphen who says that "In sonnet 4, it is nature that 'calls thee to be gone' and demands the 'acceptable audit'".




Notes






References


Baldwin, T. W. On the Literary Genetics of Shakspeare's Sonnets. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1950.
Bernard, John D. (1979). "'To Constancie Confin'de': The Poetics of Shakespeare's Sonnets". PMLA. 94 (1): 77–90. doi:10.2307/461802. JSTOR 461802. S2CID 163417725.
Critchley, Simon; McCarthy, Tom (2004). "Universal Shylockery: Money and Morality in 'The Merchant of Venice'". Diacritics. 34 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1353/dia.2006.0017. JSTOR 3805828. S2CID 144336838.
Crosman, Robert (1990). "Making Love out of Nothing at All: The Issue of Story in Shakespeare's Procreation Sonnets". Shakespeare Quarterly. 41 (4): 470–488. doi:10.2307/2870777. JSTOR 2870777.
Furness, Horace Howard (1874). "Review of A Concordance to Shakespeare's Poems: An Index to Every Word Therein Contained, Mrs. Horace Howard Furness". The North American Review. 119 (245): 436–442. JSTOR 25109868.
Greene, Thomas M. "Pitiful Thrivers: Failed Husbandry in the Sonnets." The Vulnerable Text: Essays on the Renaissance Literature. New York: Columbia UP, 1986. 175–93. ISBN 9780231062466
Halpern, Richard (2002). Shakespeare's Perfume: Sodomy and Sublimity in the Sonnets, Wilde, Freud, and Lacan. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3661-3.
Herman, Peter C. (2000). "What's the Use? Or, The Problematic of Economy in Shakespeare's Procreation Sonnets". In Schiffer, James (ed.). Shakespeare's Sonnets: Critical Essays. Psychology Press. pp. 263–284. ISBN 978-0-8153-3893-2.
Hubler, Edwin. The Sense of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
McIntosh, Hugh (24 February 2010). "The Social Masochism of Shakespeare's Sonnets". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 50 (1): 109–125. doi:10.1353/sel.0.0083. S2CID 145618922. Project MUSE 372989.
Krieger, Murray. A Window to Criticism: Shakespeare's Sonnets and Modern Poetics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
Matz, Robert (6 June 2010). "The Scandals of Shakespeare's Sonnets". ELH. 77 (2): 477–508. doi:10.1353/elh.0.0082. S2CID 161914623. Project MUSE 382796.
Pequigney, Joseph (1985). Such is My Love: A Study of Shakespeare's Sonnets. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-65563-5.
Field, Michael (1987). "Review of Such Is My Love: A Study of Shakespeare's Sonnets". Shakespeare Quarterly. 38 (3): 375–377. doi:10.2307/2870514. JSTOR 2870514.
Prince, F. T. (1950). "Review of Shakespeare: Sonnets". The Review of English Studies. 1 (3): 255–258. doi:10.1093/res/I.1.255. JSTOR 510367.
Schoenfeldt, Michael, ed. (2010). A Companion to Shakespeare's Sonnets. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3206-3.
Scott, Alison V. (9 July 2004). "Hoarding the Treasure and Squandering the Truth: Giving and Possessing in Shakespeare's Sonnets to the Young Man". Studies in Philology. 101 (3): 315–331. doi:10.1353/sip.2004.0016. S2CID 170143144. Project MUSE 170737.
Stapleton, M. L. (23 September 2004). "Making the Woman of Him: Shakespeare's Man Right Fair as Sonnet Lady". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 46 (3): 271–295. doi:10.1353/tsl.2004.0016. S2CID 161512019. Project MUSE 173385.
Stuphe Stuphen, Joyce. Shakespeare's Sonnets: Critical Essays. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1999. 205–06. Print.
First edition and facsimile

Variorum editions

Modern critical editions




External links


Works related to Sonnet 4 (Shakespeare) at Wikisource
An explanation of terminology in the sonnet

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