• Source: Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines

      • The Spanish fortifications of the Philippines, or fuerzas, are strongholds constructed by Filipinos and Spaniards primarily for protection against local and foreign aggressors during the Spanish colonial period, and during the subsequent American and Japanese occupations. Structures built included fortresses, watchtowers, and bastions. Many are badly damaged, either due to old age or past conflicts. Currently, there are initiatives for restorations of all forts, beginning when the Baluarte Luna of La Union and the Intramuros of Manila were restored in the 2010s. In 2013, a typhoon and earthquake hit Central Visayas and damaged numerous Spanish fortifications, leading to the largest restoration activity for fortifications in Philippine history.


      List of forts




      UNESCO World Heritage status




      = Tentative list

      =
      On May 16, 2006, a collection of five well-preserved examples of Spanish Colonial architecture was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List in the Cultural category.
      The collection titled "Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines" include the following buildings located throughout the country:

      Fuerza de Capul, Northern Samar
      Dauis Watchtower, Dauis, Bohol
      Punta Cruz Watchtower, Maribojoc, Bohol
      Fuerza de San Andres, Romblon, Romblon
      Fuerza de Sta. Isabel, Taytay, Palawan
      In 2015, by recommendation of UNESCO, the fortifications were removed from the tentative list of the Philippines as they 'will have a hard time meeting the standards of the organization'. The old town of Capul (Northern Samar), old town of Romblon (Romblon province), and old town of Taytay (Palawan) were recommended as possible heritage sites in the future once the Philippines submits them in the tentative list, along with a complete dossier.


      = Future re-inclusion list

      =
      Heritage groups have been advocating for the return of the fortifications in the tentative list, but with the inclusion of at least twenty-one more Spanish colonial fortifications throughout the country to maximize its potential to be included in the World Heritage List. Restoration activities on numerous fortifications throughout the country are currently ongoing in a bid to support the future nomination of the fortifications to UNESCO. However, some fortifications are within private lands, hindering cultural agencies of government from restoring those forts. The possible return of the fortifications in the tentative list is supported by both governments of the Philippines and Spain. Other properties being proposed to be included for the re-nomination are:

      Intramuros, Manila
      Cuartel de Santo Domingo, Santa Rosa, Laguna
      Fuerza de Cuyo, Cuyo, Palawan
      Fuerza de Cagayancillo, Cagayancillo, Palawan
      Real Fuerza de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza, Zamboanga City
      Fuerza de San Felipe, Cavite City
      Fuerza de San Pedro, Cebu
      Fuerte de la Concepcion y del Triunfo, Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental
      Fuerza de San Antonio Abad, Manila
      Fuerza de Pikit, Malidegao, Cotabato
      Fuerza de Santiago, Romblon, Romblon
      Fuerza de Jolo, Jolo, Sulu
      Fuerza de Masbate, Masbate
      Fuerza de Bongabong, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro
      Cotta de Dapitan, Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte
      Fuerte de Alfonso XII, Tukuran, Zamboanga del Sur
      Fuerza de Bacolod, Bacolod, Lanao del Norte
      Guinsiliban Watchtower, Guinsiliban, Camiguin
      Laguindingan Watchtower, Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental
      Kutang San Diego, Gumaca, Quezon
      Baluarte Luna, Luna, La Union


      See also


      Architecture of the Philippines

      List of ruined churches in the Philippines
      History of the Philippines (1565–1898)

      Spanish–Moro conflict
      Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas
      Military history of the Philippines
      Fortification

      List of forts


      References




      Further reading




      External links


      Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-03.

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