• Source: Tai Dam language

Tai Dam (simplified Chinese: 傣担语; traditional Chinese: 傣擔語; pinyin: Dǎidānyǔ), also known as Black Tai (Thai: ภาษาไทดำ; pronounced [pʰāː sǎː tʰāj dām]; Vietnamese: tiếng Thái Đen; 'Black Tai language'; simplified Chinese: 黑傣语; traditional Chinese: 黑傣語; pinyin: Hēidǎiyǔ), is a Tai language spoken by the Tai Dam in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and China (mostly in Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County).
The Tai Dam language is similar to Thai and Lao (including Isan), but it is not close enough to be readily understood by most Thai and Lao (Isan) speakers. In particular, the Khmer, Pali and Sanskrit additions to Thai and Lao (Isan) are largely missing from Tai Dam.




Geographical distribution


Tai Dam is spoken in Vietnam, China, Laos, and Thailand. In central and western Thailand, it is known as Thai Song.
Tai Dam speakers in China are classified as part of the Dai nationality along with almost all the other Tai peoples. But in Vietnam they are given their own nationality (with the White Tai) where they are classified (confusingly for English speakers) as the Thái nationality (meaning Tai people).
In China, Tai Dam (Chinese: 傣朗姆) people are located in the following townships of Yunnan, with about 20,000 people in Yunnan (Gao 1999).

Maguan County 马关县: Muchang Township 木厂乡, Dalishu Township 大栗树乡, and Pojiao Township 坡脚乡
Wenshan County 文山县: Dehou Township 德厚乡, Panzhihua Township 攀枝花乡
Hekou County 河口县: Qiaotou Town 桥头镇 (in Baihei Village 白黑村 and Gantianzhai 甘田寨)
Yuanjiang County 元江县: Dashuiping Township 大水平乡 (in Gaozhai 高寨 and Yangmahe 养马河)




= Official status

=
In Vietnam, all Tai peoples are taught a standardized Tai language based on the Tai Dam language, using the standardized Tai Viet script.




Phonology






= Consonants

=



Initials


Sounds /b/ and /d/ can fluctuate to voiced implosive sounds [ɓ], [ɗ]. /d/ may also fluctuate to a lateral sound [l]. /v/ can fluctuate to sounds [b~ɓ].
In some rare cases /j/ can be realized as a [z] sound.



Finals


Final plosive sounds /p t k/ can be realized as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚].




= Vowels

=

There is also /əw/ that corresponds to Proto-Tai *aɰ.
/ɛ/ can tend to fluctuate to a more open sound [æ].
/ɨ/ fluctuates to a back unrounded sound [ɯ].




Vocabulary


The Khmer, Pali and Sanskrit additions to Thai and Lao (Isan) are generally absent from Tai Dam. Tai Dam lacks many of the Khmer and Indic (via Khmer) loanwords found in Thai, Lao and Isan.

^1 Khmer tônlé generally signifies 'lake' or 'large canal'. Similarly, the Tai Dam term for the sea means 'large lake'.
^2 Sanskrit source of following Khmer word. Thai and Lao adopted Sanskrit terms via Khmer, but restored their vowels pronunciations.
^3 The term rak was borrowed from Proto-Mon-Khmer *r[a]k meaning 'to love, beloved, dear' although now the term raek means 'friendly, cordial, pleasant; intimate, affectionate' in modern Khmer.




Grammar






= Pronouns

=

For the word "I"

When addressing parents the word ꪩꪴ꪿ꪀ (luk5) is used instead.
When addressing grandparents the word ꪨꪰꪣ (lam1) is used instead.

For the word "my"

When addressing parents the word ꪄꪮꪉ ꪩꪴ꪿ꪀ (xɔng1 luk5) is used instead.
When addressing grandparents the word ꪄꪮꪉ ꪨꪰꪣ (xɔng1 lam1) is used instead.




= Syntax

=
Tai Dam uses an SVO word order.




Writing system



The Tai Dam language has its own system of writing, called Tai Viet, which consists of 31 consonants and 14 vowels. At the beginning, there was no tone marker although the language is tonal. Tone markers emerge in the 1970s in two sets: combining marks like Thai/Lao, and modifiers like New Tai Lue/Tai Nuea which are now less popular. According to Thai authors, the writing system is probably derived from the old Thai writing of the kingdom of Sukhotai.




Further reading


Miyake, Marc. 2014. Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history.
Miyake, Marc. 2014. *(C).r-usters in Black Tai and Bao Yen.
Miyake, Marc. 2014. S-implificaition in Black Tai and Bao Yen.




References






External links


Tai Dam alphabet
Tai Dam Language, Literature, and Culture Archived 2014-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
SIL Tai Heritage Pro fonts
Basic Tai Dam phrases Archived 2018-05-20 at the Wayback Machine
Tai Viet script notes

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