• Source: Taizi

      • Taizi (Chinese: 太子; pinyin: tàizǐ; lit. 'Supreme Son') was the title of the crown prince of imperial China.


      Succession



      Traditional Confucian political theory favored strict agnatic primogeniture, with younger sons displaying filial obedience to the eldest upon the passing of the father. This rather straightforward system was somewhat complicated by polygamy: since later wives were subordinated to the first, their children – even when born first – were likewise subordinated to hers.
      Following Lu Jia's conversion of Liu Bang to Confucianism in the early 1st century BC, Chinese dynasties observed it in theory though not always in practice. Liu Bang himself began to favor Concubine Qi, a later concubine, to his primary empress, Lü Zhi,
      and doubted the competence of his heir Liu Ying. Even worse conflicts could occur when invaders – previously observing their own rules of inheritance – began to sinicize, as happened to the 10th-century Liao dynasty.
      Under the Ming dynasty, the traditional Confucian principles of succession were upheld by the Hongwu Emperor's Instructions of the Ancestor of the August Ming. These presented a grave problem when his eldest son died early, leaving a power struggle between a sheltered teenage grandson and his many experienced and well-armed uncles. One of these, the Prince of Yan, eventually overthrew his nephew under the pretense of saving him from ill counsel. His own legitimacy was precariously established: a charred body was procured from the ruins of Nanjing and proclaimed to be the accidentally-killed emperor; the nephew's reign was then condemned and delegitimized and the surviving son kept imprisoned and single; and imperial records were falsified to establish the Prince of Yan as his father's favorite and as a son of the primary wife, giving him primacy over his other brothers.


      Names


      As taizi, the crown prince would possess a name separate both from his personal name and from his later era name, temple name and posthumous name.


      Lists




      = Crown Princes of Zhou

      =
      Jī Xiefu, son of King Ping of Zhou


      = Crown Princes of Han

      =
      Crown Prince Ying, son of Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), later Emperor Hui
      Crown Prince Qi, son of Emperor Wen, later Emperor Jing
      Crown Prince Rong, son of Emperor Jing, later demoted to Prince of Linjiang
      Crown Prince Che, son of Emperor Jing, originally Prince of Jiaodong and later Emperor Wu
      Crown Prince Li, son of Emperor Wu, rebelled and killed
      Crown Prince Fuling, son of Emperor Wu, later Emperor Zhao
      Crown Prince Shu, son of Emperor Xuan, later Emperor Yuan
      Crown Prince Ao, son of Emperor Yuan, later Emperor Cheng
      Crown Prince Xin, grandson of Emperor Yuan, originally Prince of Dingtao, later adopted by Emperor Cheng, whom he succeeded as Emperor Ai


      = Crown Princes of Tang

      =
      Li Jiancheng, son of Tang Gaozu, killed during the Xuanwu Gate Incident
      Li Chengqian, son of Tang Taizong, demoted
      Li Zhi, son of Tang Taizong, later Emperor Gaozong
      Li Zhong, son of Tang Gaozong, forced to commit suicide
      Li Hong, son of Tang Gaozong, either died of illness or poisoned by mother Wu Zetian
      Li Longji, son of Tang Ruizong, later Emperor Xuanzong


      = Crown Princes of Ming

      =
      Crown Prince Yiwen, son of the Hongwu Emperor, predeceased his father
      Crown Prince Zhu Yunwen, son of Crown Prince Yiwen, later the Jianwen Emperor, posthumously demoted & restored
      Crown Prince Hejian, son of the Jianwen Emperor, allegedly burnt to death, posthumously demoted & restored
      Crown Prince Zhu Gaochi, son of the Yongle Emperor, later the Hongxi Emperor
      Crown Prince Zhu Zhanji, son of the Hongxi Emperor, later the Xuande Emperor
      Crown Prince Zhu Qizhen, son of the Xuande Emperor, later the Zhengtong & Tianshun Emperor
      Crown Prince Zhu Jianshen, son of the Zhengtong & Tianshun Emperor, demoted
      Crown Prince Huaixian, son of the Jingtai Emperor, demoted & posthumously restored
      Crown Prince Zhu Jianshen, restored, later the Chenghua Emperor
      Crown Prince Daogong, son of the Chenghua Emperor, predeceased his father
      Crown Prince Zhu Youcheng, son of the Chenghua Emperor, later the Hongzhi Emperor
      Crown Prince Zhu Houzhao, son of the Hongzhi Emperor, later the Zhengde Emperor
      Crown Prince Aichong, son of the Jiajing Emperor, predeceased his father
      Crown Prince Zhuangjin, son of the Jiajing Emperor, predeceased his father
      Crown Prince Zhu Zaihou, son of the Jiajing Emperor, later the Longqing Emperor
      Crown Prince Zhu Yijun, son of the Longqing Emperor, later the Wanli Emperor
      Crown Prince Zhu Changluo, son of the Wanli Emperor, later the Taichang Emperor
      Crown Prince Zhu Youxiao, son of the Taichang Emperor, later the Tianqi Emperor
      Crown Prince Huaichong, son of the Tianqi Emperor, predeceased his father
      Crown Prince Daohuai, son of the Tianqi Emperor, predeceased his father
      Crown Prince Xianchong, son of the Tianqi Emperor, predeceased his father
      Crown Prince Xianmin, son of the Chongzhen Emperor


      See also


      Crown prince
      The "Crown Prince Party" faction of the Chinese Communist Party, which employs the same characters


      Notes




      References

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