- Source: Tamangic languages
The Tamangic languages, TGTM languages, or West Bodish languages or Kaike-Ghale-Tamangic languages (Glottolog), are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the Himalayas of Nepal. They are called "West Bodish" by Bradley (1997), from Bod, the native term for Tibet. TGTM stands for Tamang-Gurung-Thakali-Manang.
Proto-TGTM has been reconstructed in Mazaudon (1994). Tamangic is united with the Bodish and West Himalayish languages in Bradley's (1997) "Bodish" and Van Driem's (2001) Tibeto-Kanauri.
Languages
The Tamangic languages are:
Tamang (several divergent varieties, with a million speakers)
Gurung (two varieties with low mutual intelligibility)
Thakali (including the Seke dialect; ethnically Tamang)
Manang language cluster: the closely related Manang, Gyasumdo, Nar Phu, and Nyeshangte languages.
Chantyal
Ghale languages (Ghale and Kutang): spoken by ethnic Tamang, perhaps related to Tamangic.
Kaike (moribund): may be the most divergent.
Footnotes
References
Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
Georg, Stefan (1996). Marphatan Thakali. Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Dorfes Marpha im Oberen Kali-Gandaki-Tal/Nepal. München: LINCOM EUROPA. ISBN 90-04-09905-0.
Mazaudon, Martine. 1994. Problèmes de comparatisme et de reconstruction dans quelques langues de la famille tibéto-birmane. Thèse d'Etat, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Tamangic languages
- Tibeto-Kanauri languages
- Indosphere
- Tibeto-Burman languages
- Greater Magaric languages
- Kaike language
- Kinnauri language
- TGT
- Sino-Tibetan languages
- Gurung language
