- Source: Terbium(III,IV) oxide
Terbium(III,IV) oxide, occasionally called tetraterbium heptaoxide, has the formula Tb4O7, though some texts refer to it as TbO1.75. There is some debate as to whether it is a discrete compound, or simply one phase in an interstitial oxide system. Tb4O7 is one of the main commercial terbium compounds, and the only such product containing at least some Tb(IV) (terbium in the +4 oxidation state), along with the more stable Tb(III). It is produced by heating the metal oxalate, and it is used in the preparation of other terbium compounds. It is also used in Electronics and Data Storage, Green Energy Technologies, Medical Imaging and Diagnosis, and Chemical Processes. Terbium forms three other major oxides: Tb2O3, TbO2, and Tb6O11.
Synthesis
Tb4O7 is most often produced by ignition of the oxalate or the sulfate in air. The oxalate (at 1000 °C) is generally preferred, since the sulfate requires a higher temperature, and it produces an almost black product contaminated with Tb6O11 or other oxygen-rich oxides.
Chemical properties
Terbium(III,IV) oxide loses O2 when heated at high temperatures; at more moderate temperatures (ca. 350 °C) it reversibly loses oxygen, as shown by exchange with18O2. This property, also seen in Pr6O11 and V2O5, allows it to work like V2O5 as a redox catalyst in reactions involving oxygen. It was found as early as 1916 that hot Tb4O7 catalyses the reaction of coal gas (CO + H2) with air, leading to incandescence and often ignition.
Tb4O7 reacts with atomic oxygen to produce TbO2, but more convenient preparations are available.
Tb4O7 (s) + 6 HCl (aq) → 2 TbO2 (s) + 2 TbCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)
.
Tb4O7 reacts with other hot concentrated acids to produce terbium(III) salts. For example, reaction with sulfuric acid gives terbium(III) sulfate. Terbium oxide reacts slowly with hydrochloric acid to form terbium(III) chloride solution, and elemental chlorine. At ambient temperature, complete dissolution might require a month; in a hot water bath, about a week.
Anhydrous terbium(III) chloride can be produced by the ammonium chloride route In the first step, terbium oxide is heated with ammonium chloride to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride:
Tb4O7 + 22 NH4Cl → 4 (NH4)2TbCl5 + 7 H2O + 14 NH3
In the second step, the ammonium chloride salt is converted to the trichlorides by heating in a vacuum at 350-400 °C:
(NH4)2TbCl5 → TbCl3 + 2 HCl + 2 NH3
References
Further reading
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (71st ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: CRC Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-8493-0471-2.
Mellor, J.W. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. London: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 692–696.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Terbium
- Kromium
- Serium
- Senyawa berkelium
- Bilangan oksidasi
- Praseodimium
- Neptunium
- Itrium
- Mangan
- Neodimium
- Terbium(III,IV) oxide
- Terbium(IV) oxide
- Terbium
- Terbium(III) oxide
- Terbium oxide
- Terbium compounds
- Terbium(III) oxalate
- Terbium(III) perchlorate
- Terbium(III) nitrate
- Terbium(III) chloride
- 1
- 2
Rambo III (1988)
Action, Adventure, Bioskop Online, bioskop21, BioskopKeren, Cinemaindo, Dewanonton, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, Thriller, War, USA
Peter MacDonald
Back to the Future Part III (1990)
Adventure, Bioskop Online, bioskop21, BioskopKeren, Cinemaindo, Comedy, Dewanonton, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, Science Fiction, USA
Robert Zemeckis
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Action, Adventure, Bioskop Online, bioskop21, BioskopKeren, Cinemaindo, Dewanonton, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, Science Fiction, USA
George Lucas
The Godfather Part III (1990)
Bioskop Online, bioskop21, BioskopKeren, Crime, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, Drama, DramaQu, Dunia21, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, Thriller, USA
Francis Ford Coppola
Jurassic Park III (2001)
Action, Adventure, Bioskop Online, bioskop21, BioskopKeren, Cinemaindo, Dewanonton, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, Science Fiction, Thriller, USA
Joe Johnston
The Hangover Part III (2013)
Bioskop Online, bioskop21, BioskopKeren, Cinemaindo, Comedy, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, USA
Todd Phillips
Infernal Affairs III (2003)
Action, Bioskop Online, BioskopKeren, Cinemaindo, Crime, Dewanonton, Drakor ID, DrakorIndo, Drama, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Ganool, gudangmovie, IndoXX1, Indoxxi, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan
Alan Mak, Andrew Lau Wai-Keung
No More Posts Available.
No more pages to load.
