• Source: Tetrigidae

Tetrigidae is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera, which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers, pygmy grasshoppers, pygmy devils or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".




Diagnostic characteristics



Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length and are recognizable by a long pronotum. This pronotum extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point. In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration. Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs. Other characteristics pygmy grasshoppers exhibit in comparison to other Orthoptera families are the lack of an arolium between the claws, the first thoracic sternite being modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, a tarsal formula of 2-2-3, scaly fore -wings, and developed hindwings.




General biology


In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms. The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet. Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.
The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests. Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy, while others live on the forest floor.
Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.
Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.
Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.




Etymology


Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe. The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae). Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.




Subfamilies and Genera


Approximately 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File the following genera are included:




= Subfamily Batrachideinae

=

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Batrachidea Serville, 1838
Saussurella Bolívar, 1887
Tettigidea Scudder, 1862




= Subfamily Cladonotinae

=

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:
Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887

Cladonotus Saussure, 1862
Deltonotus Hancock, 1904
Piezotettix Bolívar, 1887
Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019

Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902
Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022

Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
Valalyllum Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022
Tribe Xerophyllini Günther, 1979
SE Asia - selected genera:

Potua Bolívar, 1887 (genus group)
Xerophyllum Fairmaire, 1846
Tribe Unassigned

Austrohancockia Günther, 1938
Cota Bolívar, 1887
Epitettix Hancock, 1907
Nesotettix Holdhaus, 1909




= Subfamily Lophotettiginae

=
Auth.: Hancock, 1909

Lophotettix Hancock, 1909
Phelene Bolívar, 1906




= Subfamily Metrodorinae

=
Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939

Amorphopus Serville, 1838
Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907

Cleostratus (insect) Stål, 1877 (Philippines)
Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013

Birmana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Clinophaestus Storozhenko, 2013
Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)

Miriatra Bolívar, 1906
Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017

Ophiotettix Walker, 1871
Uvarovithyrsus Storozhenko, 2016
Tribe Unassigned

Bolivaritettix Günther, 1939
Cleostratoides Storozhenko, 2013
Crimisus (insect) Bolívar, 1887
Hildegardia (insect) Günther, 1974
Holocerus Bolívar, 1887
Macromotettix Günther, 1939
Mazarredia Bolívar, 1887
Pseudoparatettix Günther, 1937
Pseudoxistrella Liang, 1991
Vaotettix Podgornaya, 1986




= Subfamily Scelimeninae

=

Auth.: Hancock, 1907
Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera:

Amphibotettix Hancock, 1906
Austrohancockia Günther, 1938
Bidentatettix Zheng, 1992
Discotettix Costa, 1864
Gavialidium Saussure, 1862
Scelimena Serville, 1838
incertae sedis

Zhengitettix Liang, 1994




= Subfamily Tetriginae

=

Auth.: Serville, 1838




= Subfamily Tripetalocerinae

=
Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887 to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22). Until recently, the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini.
Tripetalocera - monotypic Tripetalocera ferruginea Westwood, 1834
Tripetaloceroides Storozhenko, 2013 - monotypic Tripetaloceroides tonkinensis (Günther, 1938)




= Subfamily unassigned

=



Criotettigini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Criotettix Bolívar, 1887
Dasyleurotettix Rehn, 1904



Thoradontini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Eucriotettix Hebard, 1930
Loxilobus Hancock, 1904
Thoradonta Hancock, 1909




= Subfamily and tribe unassigned

=




References






External links


Data related to Tetrigidae at Wikispecies
Media related to Tetrigidae at Wikimedia Commons
Pygmy locusts
Pygmy grasshoppers
BugGuide.net

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Belalang
• Orthoptera
• Tetrigidae
• Prothorax
• Supergene
• List of Orthopteroid genera containing species recorded in Europe
• Cotys
• Maha Jodi
• List of Orthoptera species of Ireland
• Tetrix tenuicornis
• Sanduk Ruit
• Grasshopper