- Source: The Little Smuggler
"The Little Smuggler" (Polish: Mały szmugler) is a famous poem by the Polish poet Henryka Łazowertówna (1909–1942). Written in the Warsaw Ghetto during the Holocaust, it tells the story of a small child who supports his starving family by — illegally, under Nazi dispensation — bringing over food supplies from the "Aryan side", thereby allowing for his family's survival while at the same time risking his own life. Indeed, the last stanza of the poem gives expression to the heroic child's fear — not of his own death but that of his mother who, in the event of the loss of her child, would be left without her daily sustenance.
Background and history of the poem
= The Warsaw Ghetto
=In 1941 the official daily food rations distributed on the basis of ration cards were allocated by the Nazis according to the following ethnically differentiated scale: the Germans were allotted 2,613 calories per day, the Poles, 669, while persons of Jewish origin were allowed only 184 calories a day, a diet insufficient for survival. Consequently, in the Warsaw Ghetto fully eighty percent of all food consumed had to be smuggled in as illicit contraband. Only those with access to smuggled food, and the very rich able to afford to buy provisions on the black market within the Ghetto at exorbitant prices, stood a chance of survival. For most, children were the best hope for bringing supplies over from the "Aryan side" as they could slither undetected through small openings and sewer lines on their way to and from the Ghetto. These child heroes, as noted by the historian Richard C. Lukas, saved or prolonged the lives of countless adult individuals. But they themselves fell victim in large numbers to the bullets of German police.
Already during the Holocaust the poem "Mały szmugler" enjoyed a sufficient degree of fame and popularity to be translated from the Polish into Yiddish and, set to music, performed to great acclaim by Diana Blumenfeld. The poem — as recited by Łazowertówna herself in August 1941 — moved the hearts of her contemporary listeners so deeply that Emanuel Ringelblum is able to report the voices of those who insisted that, once the Ghetto becomes liberated after the War, it should host a monument dedicated to the Unknown Smuggler depicted in the poem.
However, the Warsaw Ghetto was never liberated; it was "liquidated" by the Nazis in various stages over several months beginning in July 1942, with the result of the hundreds of thousands of residents who had not previously died of starvation or disease — men, women, and children — having been methodically murdered in organized genocide, while the actual municipal structure of the whole precinct was razed to the ground. The author of the poem, Henryka Łazowertówna, together with her mother, Bluma Łazowertowa, were themselves killed in the gas chambers of the Treblinka extermination camp.
= Composition
=As has been pointed out by literary scholars, the character of the Little Smuggler in Łazowertówna's poem is idealized. The subject has also been treated in the writings of Bogdan Wojdowski (1930–1994).
= The present day
=A three-stanza excerpt from the original text of the poem, together with translations in English and in Hebrew, is today inscribed on the Memorial to the Child Victims of the Holocaust (pictured to the right; see also Pomnik Pamięci Dzieci) in Warsaw — serving as the epitaph for the million children murdered in the Holocaust. As Jenny Robertson puts it, thousands of people visit the Memorial each year and read the extract of the famous work carved there, which, like other of Łazowertówna's works, spoke directly to the hearts of her audience during the existence of the Warsaw Ghetto.
= First publication
=The poem, composed at an unknown date c. 1941, received its first publication in an anthology of poems about Jewish experience under Nazi occupation compiled by the Polish poet Michał Maksymilian Borwicz (1911–1987), which appeared two years after the end of the War, in 1947, under the title Pieśń ujdzie cało... ("The Song will Survive Intact..."; see Bibliography). Borwicz was at the time the head of the Kraków-based Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna (Central Jewish Historical Commission), under whose auspices he published the book. In the same year (the year of the final Communist takeover in Poland) he emigrated to France and spent the rest of his life in Paris.
Text and translation
Another translation of the first and the third stanzas, less literal and more adaptive than the above but better capturing the rhythm of the original, is provided in a book by Richard C. Lukas and reads as follows.
= Title of the poem in English translation
=The original title of the poem, "Mały szmugler", translates literally as "The Little Smuggler", with all the meanings and connotations of the adjective "little" reflected almost exactly in the original Polish term mały. In one English-language source the title is rendered "To the Child Smuggler", but this introduces a degree of semantic precision, derived retroactively from the main body of the text of the poem, which the original Polish title itself lacks. The addition of the preposition "To", transitive and dedicatory in impact, moreover, belies the fact that the poem is written in the first person as a (would-be) record of personal, intransitive experience of the author.
See also
Henryka Łazowertówna
Warsaw Ghetto
Holocaust
References
Further reading
Pieśń ujdzie cało...: antologia wierszy o Żydach pod okupacją niemiecką, comp., ed., & introd. Michał Maksymilian Borwicz, Warsaw, [n.p.], 1947. (First instance of the poem's publication: pages 115–116.) (See on Google Books.)
Emanuel Ringelblum, "Children of the Warsaw Ghetto", Congress Bi-weekly, vol. 30, No. 7, 1 April 1963, New York, American Jewish Congress, 1963, pp. 13–18. (The poem is discussed on p. 16.)
Richard C. Lukas, Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1994. ISBN 0781802423. (Includes a free, but very apt, translation of two stanzas of the poem, p. 31.)
Jenny Robertson, "Don't Go to Uncle's Wedding": Voices from the Warsaw Ghetto, London, Azure, 2000. ISBN 1902694112. (Includes an English translation of the poem in blank verse, pp. 18–19.)
Diane Plotkin, "Smuggling in the Ghettos: Survivor Accounts from the Warsaw, Łódź, and Kraków Ghettos"; in: Life in the Ghettos during the Holocaust, ed. E. J. Sterling, Syracuse (New York), Syracuse University Press, 2005, pp. 84ff. ISBN 0815608039.
Samuel D. Kassow, Who will Write Our History?: Emanuel Ringelblum, the Warsaw Ghetto, and the Oyneg Shabes Archive, Bloomington (Indiana), Indiana University Press, 2007. ISBN 9780253349088, ISBN 0253349087. (Includes an English translation of the first two stanzas of the poem in blank verse, p. 182.)
Barbara Engelking & Jacek Leociak, The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City, tr. E. Harris, New Haven (Connecticut), Yale University Press, 2009, passim. ISBN 9780300112344, ISBN 0300112343. (Includes an English translation of the poem in blank verse, pp. 448–449.)
Patricia Heberer, Children during the Holocaust, introd. Nechama Tec, advisory committee Christopher R. Browning, et al., Lanham (Maryland), AltaMira Press (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum), 2011, pages 342ff. ISBN 9780759119840, ISBN 0759119848. (Includes a literal English translation of the poem in blank verse, p. 343.)
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