• Source: The Slave Route Project

      • The Slave Route Project is a UNESCO initiative officially launched in 1994 in Ouidah, Benin. In studying the causes, the modalities and the consequences of slavery and the slave trade, the project seeks to enhance the understanding of diverse histories and heritages stemming from this global tragedy.


      Objectives and main themes


      The Slave Route Project is a highly ambitious initiative with its sights set resolutely on the future, to the extent that it contributes in the long term to enhancing mutual understanding and intercultural dialogue. The challenge of 'living together' in our multicultural societies implies recognition of each person’s history and memory, and at the same time the sharing of a common heritage, in order to transcend past tragedies.
      The concept of a route seeks to reflect the dynamics of the movement of peoples, civilizations and cultures. The concept of slave focuses on the universal phenomenon of slavery, and in particular, the transatlantic, Indian Ocean and Trans Saharan slave trades.


      The Slave Route




      = Transatlantic trade

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      = Trade in the Indian Ocean

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      On the UN day for remembrance of the slave trade, it is worth highlighting the abominable 17th-century Dutch practice of shipping “human cargo” around the Indian Ocean rim. The slave trade is said to be among the oldest trades in the world but that it was practised by the Dutch, during their sojourn at Pulicat in Tamil Nadu, from 1609 to 1690, may be news to many. Textiles and slaves were the most profiteering "merchandise" exported by the Dutch at Pulicat to their Indian Ocean trade headquarters at Batavia (Jakarta), in exchange for rare spices like nutmeg and mace. Slaves were sought for spice and other cash crop plantations in Batavia and also to work as domestic helps for Dutch masters. Hence, only those in the age group of eight to 20 were preferred for “export” from Pulicat, the nodal port on the Coromandel Coast.

      Procuring slaves
      On the Coromandel Coast, the Dutch had two means of procuring slaves: either purchasing them from their parents during natural calamities like droughts, poor harvests and famines, or capturing them during cultural calamities like invasions. During calamities the price of a slave child was 3/4 pagoda (four guilders), whereas in times of good harvest, the price was 14-16 pagodas (27-40 guilders), which the Dutch traders said was "uneconomic". The Indian agents of the Dutch often kidnapped passersby in the market place, so that local youth were mortally afraid of frequenting public places in Pulicat and even ran away to the nearby forests. Between 1621 and 1665, 131 slave ships were deployed by the Dutch to export 38,441 slaves to Batavia from Pulicat. Apart from the annual quota of about 200-300 slaves, waves of mass exports took place during calamities. For instance, 1,900 slaves were sent from Pulicat and Devanampatnam (near Cuddalore) during the 1622-23 famine, and 1,839 slaves were sent from Madura during the drought of 1673–77 to Batavia. Small boys and girls from Thanjavur were sent to Ceylon, Batavia and Malacca. Finally, between 1694 and 1696, from Thanjavur, 3,859 slaves were sent to Ceylon. Invasion by the Bijapur sultan during 1618-20 saw 2,118 slaves from Thanjavur, Senji (Gingee), Madura, Tondi, Adirampatnam, Kayalpatnam (near Tuticorin), Nagapatnam and Pulicat exported to Ceylon, Batavia and Malacca.

      Rebellion
      Slaves were huddled together in poorly ventilated slave ships and were sanctioned a daily ration of uncooked rice to eat with sea water. One-third or even half of such shipments of “pieces of human cargo”, as the Dutch called them, died in transit due to dehydration, gastro-intestinal problems and epidemics. Dutch physicians on board were not familiar with tropical diseases. Amputations, if needed during the voyage, were done by sawing off the limbs on a wooden peg on deck, and most such cases ended in death due to sepsis. After reaching their destination, rebellions and mutinies by slaves did occur. Some slaves ran away into the forests or by local country craft to abandoned islands and died there due to starvation.

      Portuguese predecessors
      The Portuguese on the west coast of India were the European pioneers in slave trade during the late 15th century. They migrated to Pulicat on the east coast in 1502, a 100 years before the arrival of the Dutch. At Pulicat, the Portuguese constructed two churches in Madha Kuppam which still exist. They converted local people to Catholicism and educated them through the Portuguese language. Indian slaves lodged in the eastern suburbs of Batavia, called Mardijkers, were said to be Portuguese speaking Catholics, betraying their Pulicat origins. The Portuguese, who converted and educated them, would not have exported them as slaves and it was the Dutch in later days that exported them. However, Portuguese traders (chatins), in collaboration with the Magh pirates from Arakan (Burma), used armed vessels (galias) to capture Bengali slaves from the Chittagong (Bangladesh) estuaries and exported them to Batavia. End of the tradeFrom the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, a great many stalwarts in England campaigned against slave trade. Chief among them were the poet William Cowper (1731–1800); ex-slave Olaudah Equiano (1745–1797) from Nigeria; John Newton (1725–1807), former slave trader turned Anglican clergy and author of the popular hymn "Amazing Grace"; British MP William Wilberforce (1759–1833); and John Wesley (1703–1791), founder of the Methodist Christian Mission. Cowper wrote in 1785: "We have no slaves at home — Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That’s noble, and bespeaks a nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And, let it circulate through every vein.” In his stirring poem written in 1788, entitled “The Negro’s Complaint", he appeals: "Is there, as ye sometimes tell us, Is there One who reigns on high? Has He bid you buy and sell us; Speaking from his throne, the sky?" The trans-Atlantic slave trade by the Dutch from Africa to Europe and to the New World was much larger and much researched on, than their Indian Ocean slave trade from Pulicat to Batavia and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Today, on the UN's International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition, we would do well to condemn this abominable episode in history and use the occasion to renounce bonded labour, and all kinds of inhuman subjugations practised even today.
      Significant results have been achieved through the programme developed in collaboration with UNESCO that identified and catalogued oral heritages.


      = Trade in the Arab-Muslim world

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      Resistances and abolitions




      Commemorations


      Such implications include racism, racial discrimination, intolerance, and also modern forms of slavery, exploitation and human bondage.
      Such commemorative days include:

      International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade (25 March)
      International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition (23 August)
      International Day for the Abolition of Slavery (2 December)
      International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (2004)
      2011: The UN International Year for People of African Descent


      Modern forms of slavery




      Pedagogical initiatives




      = Slavery sites around the Atlantic

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      UNESCO with the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, have created and maintains the "Slavery and Remembrance" project to "engage[] the public as well as experts with issues relating to slavery, slave trade, and ways in which both are remembered today throughout the Atlantic world." The following historic sites, memorials, and organizations related to the history of Atlantic slavery, include:

      Afro-Peruvian Museum, Peru
      Alejandro de Humboldt National Park, Cuba
      Angerona Coffee Plantation, Cuba
      Archaeological landscape of the first coffee plantations of southeastern Cuba
      Barbados Museum and Historical Society
      Beausoleil Plantation, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park, Jamaica
      Chateau de Joux, France
      The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, United States
      The Departmental Museum Victor Schœlcher, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      EUROTAST, Denmark
      Fidelin Kiln, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Fort Fleur-d’Epée, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Fort Louis Delgrès Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Ghana Museums and Monuments, Ghana
      Historic Camagüey, Cuba
      Historic Cienfuegos, Cuba
      Historic Havana and Fortifications, Cuba
      Historic Trinidad: the Urban Center and the Valley of the Sugar Factories, Cuba
      House of Negritude and Human Rights, France
      Hull Museums, United Kingdom
      Indigo Plantations of the East Coast, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      International Slavery Museum, United Kingdom
      L’Anse à la Barque Indigo Plantation, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      La Grivelière Plantation, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      La Mahaudière Plantation, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Les Rotours Canal, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Maison Abbé Grégoire, France
      Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, United States
      Monument to Abolition of Slavery, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Municipal Museum of Guanabacoa, Cuba
      Municipalities of Regla-Guanabacoa, Cuba
      Murat Plantation, Guadeloupe (Fr)
      Museum of Aquitaine, France
      Museum of London Docklands, United Kingdom
      Nantes History Museum, France
      National Park Service Network to Freedom,
      Néron Plantation, Guadeloupe (Fr)
      Oak Alley Foundation, United States
      Periwinkle Initiative, United States
      Punch Pond, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Roussel-Trianon Plantation Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Royall House and Slave Quarters, United States
      Ruins of La Demajagua Sugar Factory, Cuba
      San Severino Castle, Cuba
      Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, United States
      Slave Burial Ground of Anse Sainte-Marguerite, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      The Slave Cell of Belmont Plantation, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Slave History Museum, Nigeria
      The Slave Route, Cuba
      The Slave Route, Guadeloupe (Fr.)
      Slavery and Revolution, United Kingdom
      Thomas Jefferson Foundation Monticello, United States
      El Cobre Town and Cobre mine, Cuba
      Tumba Francesa, Cuba
      Turks & Caicos National Museum, Turks and Caicos Islands
      Vanibel Plantation, Guadeloupe, Fr.
      Viñales Valley, Cuba
      Whitney Plantation, United States


      References




      External links


      UNESCO Slave Route Project
      2011 International Year for People of African Descent, UNHCR
      Slavery and Remembrance: Guide . . ., UNESCO and The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

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