• Source: Thiourea organocatalysis

Within the area of organocatalysis, (thio)urea organocatalysis describes the use of ureas and thioureas to accelerate and stereochemically alter organic transformations. The effects arise through hydrogen-bonding interactions between the substrate and the (thio)urea. Unlike classical catalysts, these organocatalysts interact by non-covalent interactions, especially hydrogen bonding ("partial protonation"). The scope of these small-molecule H-bond donors termed (thio)urea organocatalysis covers both non-stereoselective and stereoselective reactions.




Catalyst-substrate interactions


Hydrogen-bonding between thiourea derivatives and carbonyl substrates involve two hydrogen bonds provided by coplanar amino substituents in the (thio)urea. Squaramide catalysts engage in double H-bonding interactions and are often superior to thioureas.
Thioureas are often found to be stronger hydrogen-bond donors (i.e., more acidic) than ureas because their amino groups are more positively charged. Quantum chemical analyses revealed that this counterintuitive phenomenon, which is not explainable by the relative electronegativities of O and S, results from the effective steric size of the chalcogen atoms.




Advantages of thiourea organocatalysts


（Thio) ureas are green and sustainable catalysts. When effective, they can offer these advantages:

absence of product inhibition due to weak enthalpic binding, but specific binding-“recognition“
simple and inexpensive synthesis from primary amine functionalized (chiral-pool) starting materials and isothiocyanates
easy to modulate and to handle (bench-stable), no inert gas atmosphere required
catalysis under almost neutral conditions (pka thiourea 21.0) and mild conditions, acid-sensitive substrates are tolerated
metal-free, nontoxic (compare traditional metal-containing Lewis-acid catalysts)
water-tolerant, even catalytically effective in water or aqueous media.




Substrates


H-bond accepting substrates include carbonyl compounds, imines, nitroalkenes. The Diels-Alder reaction is one process that can benefit from (thio)urea catalysts.




History


Early contributions were made by Kelly, Etter, Jorgensen, Hine, Curran, Göbel, and De Mendoza (see review articles cited below) on hydrogen bonding interactions of small, metal-free compounds with electron-rich binding sites. Peter R. Schreiner and co-workers identified and introduced electron-poor thiourea derivatives as hydrogen-bonding organocatalysts. Schreiner's thiourea, N,N'-bis3,5-bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl thiourea, combines all structural features for double H-bonding mediated organocatalysis:

electron-poor
rigid structure
non-coordinating, electron withdrawing substituents in 3,4, and/or 5 position of a phenyl ring
the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-group is the preferred substituent




Catalysts


A broad variety of monofunctional and bifunctional (concept of bifunctionality) chiral double hydrogen-bonding (thio)urea organocatalysts have been developed.




See also


Organocatalysis
Hydrogen-bond catalysis
Squaramide catalysis




Further reading


Christian M. Kleiner, Peter R. Schreiner (2006). "Hydrophobic amplification of noncovalent organocatalysis". Chem. Commun.: 4315–4017.
Z. Zhang and P. R. Schreiner (2007). "Thiourea-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldimines". Synlett. 2007 (9): 1455–1457. doi:10.1055/s-2007-980349.
Wanka, Lukas; Chiara Cabrele; Maksims Vanejews; Peter R. Schreiner (2007). "γ-Aminoadamantanecarboxylic Acids Through Direct C–H Bond Amidations". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2007 (9): 1474–1490. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200600975. ISSN 1434-193X.




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Thiourea organocatalysis
• Thiourea
• Organocatalysis
• Thioureas
• Catalysis
• Hydrogen-bond catalysis
• Squaramide catalysis
• Peter Schreiner (chemist)
• Baylis–Hillman reaction
• N-Heterocyclic olefins