• Source: Timeline of Chacoan history

      • A timeline of Chacoan history includes Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Aztec Ruins National Monument, Twin Angels Pueblo, Casamero Pueblo, Kin Nizhoni, Pierre's Site, and Halfway House.


      Paleo-Indian Period


      11000 BC
      First foragers?


      Archaic Period


      6000 BC-800 BC
      Hunter-gatherers


      4th century CE




      5th century


      490
      Basketmaker farming begins


      6th century


      500
      Turquoise beads and pendants appear; offerings in great kivas (sites 29SJ423, Shabik' eshchee Village)


      7th century


      600-800
      La Plata Black-on-White ceramic
      700
      Population of Chaco Canyon between 100 and 201 people


      8th century




      9th century


      800-900
      Builders use piñon, juniper, and cottonwood trees that grew close by
      850-925
      Large construction projects.
      875-1040
      Red Mesa Black-on-White ceramics


      10th century


      900-1150
      Large buildings, mounds, roadways, great kivas, and tri-walled structures are built throughout the San Juan Basin.
      900-1125
      Construction of Penasco Blanco
      900
      Emergence of the Chaco Anasazi
      900
      Chetro Ketl pueblo begun
      900-1025
      Chaco Wash in erosional cycle and cut a paleo-channel.
      925-1130
      Stable environmental conditions favorable to dry farming throughout the Colorado Plateau. Human populations also stable.
      950
      Keet Seel, second largest cliff dwelling. is inhabited
      950
      Nonlocal ponderosa is the dominant beam timber; spruce and fir increase


      11th century


      960-1020
      Unpredictable rainfall. Little building at Pueblo Bonito
      1000
      "Chaco phenomenon" acceleration of cultural development
      1000-1075
      Great House construction, and roads expanded. The first usage of chocolate further than central Mexico was first used in ceramic cylinders for rituals.
      1000-1140
      Escavada Black-on-White ceramics
      1025-1090
      Depositional period during which time the paleo-channel was filling. There is some historical, anecdotal evidence that the inhabitants of Chaco Canyon may have constructed a dam at the west end of the canyon.
      1030
      Chacoans seek trees at higher altitudes
      1040
      Increased rainfall
      1040-1050
      Building resumes at Old Bonito. Pueblo Bonito construction stage II
      1050-1070
      Pueblo Bonito becomes more complex. Pueblo Bonito construction stage III
      1050
      Imports of copper bells, Macaws, and shells (origin unknown)
      1054
      ~July 4 - Cliff painting near Penasco Blanco consisting of three symbols: a large star, a crescent moon, and a handprint, may portray the sighting of SN 1054, the Crab Nebula supernova.
      1064, 1066
      Sunset Crater volcanic eruptions; volcanic debris blankets Jemez Mountains and Bandelier area.
      1080-1100
      Great North Road construction.
      1080
      Salmon Ruin established.
      1080
      Construction of Pueblo Alto begins.
      1090
      Drought


      12th century


      1075-1123
      Pueblo Bonito constructed at Chaco.
      ?
      Five astronomical observatories are built
      1100
      Peak of Chaco culture.
      1100-1104
      Tree felling at Pueblo del Arroyo
      1106-1125
      Aztec Ruins built.
      1130
      Pueblo Bonito is four stories tall and contains 800 rooms
      1130-1180
      Fifty-year drought in the Southwest. Rain and snow cease to fall. Alluvial groundwater declines, floodplain erosion occurs. Dry-farming zone reduced, crop production potential decreased. Severe arroyo cutting and depression of alluvial groundwater. Severe environmental stress.
      1140–1150
      Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon.
      1150
      Great Houses empty
      1180
      Sunset Crater erupts for the second time.


      13th century




      14th century




      15th century




      16th century


      1539
      Marcos de Niza erroneously describes the pueblo of Háwikuh as the Seven Cities of Gold.


      17th century


      1680-1692
      The Pueblo Revolt of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonists in the New Spain province.
      1774
      Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco identifies the Chaco Canyon area as "Chaca" on a map. The term, a Spanish translation of a Navajo word, is thought to be the origin for "Chacra Mesa" and "Chaco".


      18th century




      19th century


      1844
      Josiah Gregg refers to the Chaco pueblos in his book Commerce of the Prairies, making its first appearance in popular culture.
      1849
      Lt. James H. Simpson leads the Washington Expedition, a military reconnaissance team which surveys Navajo lands and records cultural sites in Chaco Canyon. Illustrations created by the Kern brothers are included in a government report.
      1877
      Artist and photographer William Henry Jackson participates in the Hayden Survey of the Western United States, producing maps of Chaco Canyon, but no photographs due to technical problems.
      1888
      Richard Wetherill and Charlie Mason find the Cliff Palace, Spruce Tree House and Square Tower House.
      Chaco Canyon is surveyed and photographed by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff of the Bureau of American Ethnology
      1896
      Richard Wetherill begins excavating Chaco Canyon
      1896-1899
      George H. Pepper from the American Museum of Natural History leads the Hyde Exploring Expedition in excavating Pueblo Bonito


      20th century


      1901
      General Land Office special agent S. J. Holsinger recommends creating a national park to preserve archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon
      1907
      Chaco Canyon National Monument is established.
      1928-1929
      American astronomer and University of Arizona professor A. E. Douglass participates in a National Geographic Society research project exploring Chaco Canyon. Using his newly invented technique of dendrochronology, Douglass dates Chetro Ketl and dozens of Chacoan sites
      Expedition under Neil Merton Judd to collect dendrochronological specimens to date habitation of Chaco Canyon
      1937
      A Civilian Conservation Corps of Navajo stonemasons repairs Chacoan buildings in Chaco Canyon. A previous group built soil conservation devices, planted trees, and improved roads and trails.
      1941
      Heavy rains cause Threatening Rock to fall, destroying ~60 rooms at Pueblo Bonito.
      1960
      Floors excavated at Una Vida
      1971-1982
      The Chaco Project, conducted by the National Park Service and the University of New Mexico, surveys and excavates Chaco Canyon
      1976-1978
      Fourteen rooms at Pueblo Alto excavated by the Chaco Project
      1980
      Chaco Canyon National Monument is renamed Chaco Culture National Historical Park with 13,000 acres (53 km2) added. The Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Site program is created to protect Chacoan sites.
      1982
      NASA's Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) detects over 200 miles of a prehistoric (AD 900 or 1000) road system in Chaco Canyon, as well as walls, buildings, and agricultural fields.
      1983
      Dean and Warren estimate 200,000 trees were used to build great houses.
      1987
      Chaco Culture National Historical Park is designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


      21st century


      2001
      Two-thirds of large roof timbers traced to Chuska Mountains and one-third to San Mateo Mountains.


      References

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