• Source: Timeline of classical mechanics

The following is a timeline of classical mechanics:




Antiquity


4th century BC - Aristotle invents the system of Aristotelian physics, which is later largely disproved
4th century BC - Babylonian astronomers calculate Jupiter's position using the Trapezoidal rule
260 BC - Archimedes works out the principle of the lever and connects buoyancy to weight
60 - Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica, Mechanics (on means to lift heavy objects), and Pneumatics (on machines working on pressure)
350 - Themistius states, that static friction is larger than kinetic friction




Early mechanics


6th century - John Philoponus introduces the concept of impetus and The theory was modified by Avicenna in the 11th century and Ibn Malka al-Baghdadi in the 12th century
6th century - John Philoponus says that by observation, two balls of very different weights will fall at nearly the same speed. He therefore tests the equivalence principle
1021 - Al-Biruni uses three orthogonal coordinates to describe point in space
1100-1138 - Avempace develops the concept of a fatigue, which according to Shlomo Pines is precursor to Leibnizian idea of force
1100-1165 - Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi discovers that force is proportional to acceleration rather than speed, a fundamental law in classical mechanics
1340-1358 - Jean Buridan develops the theory of impetus
14th century - Oxford Calculators and French collaborators prove the mean speed theorem
14th century - Nicole Oresme derives the times-squared law for uniformly accelerated change. Oresme, however, regarded this discovery as a purely intellectual exercise having no relevance to the description of any natural phenomena, and consequently failed to recognise any connection with the motion of accelerating bodies
1500-1528 - Al-Birjandi develops the theory of "circular inertia" to explain Earth's rotation
16th century - Francesco Beato and Luca Ghini experimentally contradict Aristotelian view on free fall.
16th century - Domingo de Soto suggests that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium are uniformly accelerated. Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would fall with a strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity
1581 - Galileo Galilei notices the timekeeping property of the pendulum
1589 - Galileo Galilei uses balls rolling on inclined planes to show that different weights fall with the same acceleration
1638 - Galileo Galilei publishes Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (which were materials science and kinematics) where he develops, amongst other things, Galilean transformation
1644 - René Descartes suggests an early form of the law of conservation of momentum
1645 - Ismaël Bullialdus argues that "gravity" weakens as the inverse square of the distance
1651 - Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi discover the Coriolis effect
1658 - Christiaan Huygens experimentally discovers that balls placed anywhere inside an inverted cycloid reach the lowest point of the cycloid in the same time and thereby experimentally shows that the cycloid is the tautochrone
1668 - John Wallis suggests the law of conservation of momentum
1673 - Christiaan Huygens publishes his Horologium Oscillatorium. Huygens describes in this work the first two laws of motion. The book is also the first modern treatise in which a physical problem (the accelerated motion of a falling body) is idealized by a set of parameters and then analyzed mathematically.
1676-1689 - Gottfried Leibniz develops the concept of vis viva, a limited theory of conservation of energy
1677 - Baruch Spinoza puts forward a primitive notion of Newton's first law




Newtonian mechanics


1687 - Isaac Newton publishes his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which he formulates Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation
1690 - James Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the tautochrone problem
1691 - Johann Bernoulli shows that a chain freely suspended from two points will form a catenary
1691 - James Bernoulli shows that the catenary curve has the lowest center of gravity of any chain hung from two fixed points
1696 - Johann Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the brachistochrone problem
1710 - Jakob Hermann shows that Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector is conserved for a case of the inverse-square central force
1714 - Brook Taylor derives the fundamental frequency of a stretched vibrating string in terms of its tension and mass per unit length by solving an ordinary differential equation
1733 - Daniel Bernoulli derives the fundamental frequency and harmonics of a hanging chain by solving an ordinary differential equation
1734 - Daniel Bernoulli solves the ordinary differential equation for the vibrations of an elastic bar clamped at one end
1739 - Leonhard Euler solves the ordinary differential equation for a forced harmonic oscillator and notices the resonance
1742 - Colin Maclaurin discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating spheroids
1743 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert publishes his Traite de Dynamique, in which he introduces the concept of generalized forces and D'Alembert's principle
1747 - D'Alembert and Alexis Clairaut publish first approximate solutions to the three-body problem
1749 - Leonhard Euler derives equation for Coriolis acceleration
1759 - Leonhard Euler solves the partial differential equation for the vibration of a rectangular drum
1764 - Leonhard Euler examines the partial differential equation for the vibration of a circular drum and finds one of the Bessel function solutions
1776 - John Smeaton publishes a paper on experiments relating power, work, momentum and kinetic energy, and supporting the conservation of energy




Analytical mechanics


1788 - Joseph-Louis Lagrange presents Lagrange's equations of motion in the Méchanique Analytique
1798 - Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes his Traité de mécanique céleste vol.1 and lasts vol.5 in 1825. In this, he summarized and extended the work of his predecessors
1803 - Louis Poinsot develops idea of angular momentum conservation (this result was previously known only in the case of conservation of areal velocity)
1813 - Peter Ewart supports the idea of the conservation of energy in his paper "On the measure of moving force"
1821 - William Hamilton begins his analysis of Hamilton's characteristic function and Hamilton–Jacobi equation
1829 - Carl Friedrich Gauss introduces Gauss's principle of least constraint
1834 - Carl Jacobi discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids
1834 - Louis Poinsot notes an instance of the intermediate axis theorem
1835 - William Hamilton states Hamilton's canonical equations of motion
1838 - Liouville begins work on Liouville's theorem
1841 - Julius von Mayer, an amateur scientist, writes a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training leads to a priority dispute.
1847 - Hermann von Helmholtz formally states the law of conservation of energy
first half of the 19th century - Cauchy develops his momentum equation and his stress tensor
1851 - Léon Foucault shows the Earth's rotation with a huge pendulum (Foucault pendulum)
1870 - Rudolf Clausius deduces virial theorem
1890 - Henri Poincaré discovers the sensibility of initial conditions in the three-body problem.
1898 - Jacques Hadamard discusses the Hadamard billiards.




Moderns developments


1900 - Max Planck introduces the idea of quanta, introducing quantum mechanics
1902 - James Jeans finds the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium
1905 - Albert Einstein first mathematically describes Brownian motion and introduces relativistic mechanics
1915 - Emmy Noether proves Noether's theorem, from which conservation laws are deduced
1915 - Albert Einstein introduces general relativity
1952 - Parker develops a tensor form of the virial theorem
1954 - Andrey Kolmogorov publishes the first version of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem.
1961 - Edward Norton Lorenz discovers Lorenz systems and establishes the field of chaos theory.
1978 - Vladimir Arnold states precise form of Liouville–Arnold theorem
1983 - Mordehai Milgrom proposes modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to the dark matter hypothesis
1992 - Udwadia and Kalaba create Udwadia–Kalaba equation
2003 - John D. Norton introduces Norton's dome




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Saturnus
• Portland, Oregon
• Daftar proyek komputasi terdistribusi
• Timeline of classical mechanics
• Mechanics
• History of classical mechanics
• Classical mechanics
• Timeline of quantum mechanics
• Experimental physics
• List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics
• Hamiltonian mechanics
• Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics
• Applied mechanics