• Source: Timeline of manifolds

This is a timeline of manifolds, one of the major geometric concepts of mathematics. For further background see history of manifolds and varieties.




Background


Manifolds in contemporary mathematics come in a number of types. These include:

smooth manifolds, which are basic in calculus in several variables, mathematical analysis and differential geometry;
piecewise-linear manifolds;
topological manifolds.
There are also related classes, such as homology manifolds and orbifolds, that resemble manifolds. It took a generation for clarity to emerge, after the initial work of Henri Poincaré, on the fundamental definitions; and a further generation to discriminate more exactly between the three major classes. Low-dimensional topology (i.e., dimensions 3 and 4, in practice) turned out to be more resistant than the higher dimension, in clearing up Poincaré's legacy. Further developments brought in fresh geometric ideas, concepts from quantum field theory, and heavy use of category theory.
Participants in the first phase of axiomatization were influenced by David Hilbert: with Hilbert's axioms as exemplary, by Hilbert's third problem as solved by Dehn, one of the actors, by Hilbert's fifteenth problem from the needs of 19th century geometry. The subject matter of manifolds is a strand common to algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology.




Timeline to 1900 and Henri Poincaré






1900 to 1920






1920 to the 1945 axioms for homology






1945 to 1960


Terminology: By this period manifolds are generally assumed to be those of Veblen-Whitehead, so locally Euclidean Hausdorff spaces, but the application of countability axioms was also becoming standard. Veblen-Whitehead did not assume, as Kneser earlier had, that manifolds are second countable. The term "separable manifold", to distinguish second countable manifolds, survived into the late 1950s.




1961 to 1970






1971–1980






1981–1990






1991–2000






2001–present






See also


differentiable stack
factorization homology
Kuranishi theory
Floer homology
Glossary of algebraic topology
Timeline of bordism




Notes

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• John Forbes Nash, Jr.
• Timeline of manifolds
• Manifold
• Timeline of bordism
• Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
• Cobordism
• Timeline of mathematics
• Glossary of algebraic topology
• Timeline of algorithms
• Timeline of numerals and arithmetic
• Timeline of women in mathematics