• Source: Tirio languages

The Tirio languages are a family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. The Tirio languages have about 40% of their lexicon in common.




Languages


Baramu
Bitur (Mutum)
Tirio (Makayam, Aturu)
Were (Kiunum)
Evans (2018) lists the Tirio languages as:

Tirio (Makayam)
Bitur (Paswam, Mutum)
Lewada-Dewara, spoken on Dewala village on Sumogi Island
Adulu (Aturu), also spoken on Sumogi Island
Baramu is somewhat more divergent in vocabulary, but this may reflect language contact rather than divergence in its position within the family. Pronouns are only available for Tirio itself (Makayam).
The moribund language Abom was once classified as a divergent Tirio language, sharing only an eighth of its lexicon with the others, but it turns out to not belong to the family at all, nor to the Anim family that Tirio is a branch of.
A survey of the Tirio languages can be found in Jore and Alemán (2002).




Phonemes


Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:

Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.




Pronouns


The pronouns are:




Evolution


Lower Fly River (Makayam and Baramu) reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:

Makayam makoːth, Baramu mangoːt ‘chin’ < *maŋgat[a] ‘mouth, teeth’
Makayam (Giribam dialect) Bitur, Baramu moːm ‘seed’ < *maŋgV ‘fruit, seed, round’
Makayam sakoa ‘lower arm’, Baramu saga ‘arm’ < *sa(ŋg,k)(a,i)l ‘hand, claw’




References



Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.




External links


Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Lower Fly River

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Rumpun bahasa Trans-Nugini
• Tirio languages
• Tirio language
• Tirio
• Anim languages
• Trans–New Guinea languages
• Abom language
• Baramu language
• Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages
• Indo-Pacific languages
• Makayam language