• Source: Torymidae

Torymidae is a family of wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Most species in this family are small with attractive metallic coloration, and females generally have long ovipositors. Many are parasitoids on gall-forming insects, and some are phytophagous (plant-eating) species, sometimes using the galls formed by other insects. Over 960 species in about 70 genera are found worldwide. They are best recognized in that they are one of the few groups of Chalcidoidea in which the cerci are visible.




Systematics


The family was first described by English entomologist Francis Walker in 1833 and the infrafamiliar classification has been revised several times. A number of subfamilies were created within Torymidae, some of which have since been transferred to other families (Idarninae, Sycophaginae, Epichrysomallinae, and Ormyrinae), leaving the family with up to six subfamilies, although as few as two in other classifications.

Megastigminae
Monodontomerinae
Toryminae
Podagrioninae
Erimerinae (=Microdontomerinae)
Thaumatoryminae
A phylogenetic analysis in 2018 found that Torymidae as then circumscribed was not monophyletic. The subfamily Megastigminae recovered outside the clades contain the other subfamilies and elevated to family Megastigmidae in a taxonomic revision. The subfamilies and tribes of Torymidae were also revised.




References



Grissell, E.E., 1995. Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, generic classification and annotated world catalogue of species. Memoirs on Entomology, International 2:474pp.




External links


Media related to Torymidae at Wikimedia Commons
Universal Chalcidoidea Database
Bug Guide
Torymidae at Waspweb
Family description and images
OzAnimals - Mantis Parasitic Wasp
Megastigmus transvaalensis, Brazilian peppertree seed chalcid on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Torymus beneficus
• Torymus coeruleus
• Torymus coccineus
• Torymus capillaceus
• Torymus baccharidis
• Torymus aztecus
• Torymus atheatus
• Torymus durus
• Torymus longicauda
• Torymus hirsutus
• Torymidae
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