• Source: Tovaangar

Tovaangar (Tongva: "the world") refers to the Tongva world or homelands. It includes the greater area of the Los Angeles Basin, including the San Gabriel Valley, San Fernando Valley, northern Orange County, parts of San Bernardino County and Riverside County, and the southern Channel Islands, including San Nicholas, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, and San Clemente. The homelands of the Chumash are to the northwest, the Tataviam to the north, the Serrano and Cahuilla to the east, and the Acjachemen and Payómkawichum to the south.




Travel



Prior to European colonialism, land travel through Tovaangar largely occurred through an extensive network of trails traveled by Indigenous peoples throughout the region. Although not often recognized by name, many of these trails became roads and highways that are now used for automobile travel. One of the most significant was the Mohave trail, which connected Tovaangar to nations in the east along, what the Spanish referred to as, the Colorado River.
Travel over water mainly occurred through tule reed boats for local travel through waterways. For ocean travel, particularly between the mainland and the villages on Pimuu'nga, Kinkipar, and Haraasnga, te'aats or ti'ats were common. These are wooden plank boats built by the Tongva currently in the Ti'at Society that are made air tight with a mixture of asphaltum and hold up to twelve people. A similar boat is the Chumash tomol. The Tongva and Chumash are unique in being the only two nations in the region with plank canoes of this kind.




Land


After the establishment of Spanish missions in California and the California genocide, all of Tovaangar has been taken out of the Tongva's stewardship. The Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy has been established for the rematriation of Tongva homelands. In 2022, a 1-acre site (0.40 ha) was returned to the conservancy in Altadena, which marked the first time the Tongva had land under their stewardship in Los Angeles County in nearly two-hundred years.




Villages






= Los Angeles County

=



San Fernando Valley

Achooykomenga
Ashaawanga
Cahuenga
Ceegenga
Momonga
Muhunga
Okowvinjha
Pakoinga
Pasheeknga
Pimocagna
Puntitavjatngna
Quapa
Saway-yanga
Sheshiikuanungna
Siutcanga
Totonga
Tuyunga
Outskirts

Jucjauynga
Juyunga
Najabatanga
Puninga
Wikangna



San Gabriel Valley

Alyeupkigna
Awigna
Azucsagna
Hahamongna
Isanthcogna
Jajamonga
Momwahomomutngna
Pemookangna
Shevaanga
Sibanga
Sonagna
Tooypinga
Torojoatngna
Toviscanga
Uchibit
Weniinga
Outskirts

Haramoknga
Joatngna



Westside/Central

Comicranga
Geveronga
Guashna
Kuruvungna
Maugna
Ongobehangna
Otsungna
Topanga
Yaanga



Gateway Cities

Chokishgna
Houtngna
Huutngna
Juyubit
Nacaugna
Puvunga
Sejat
Seobit
Suangna
Tajauta
Tibagna



South Bay

Aataveanga
Chowigna
Engvangna
Huachongna
Kiinkenga
Moniikanga
Ongovanga
Suangna
Toovemonga
Tsauvinga
Unavnga
Xuuxonga




= Orange County

=
Genga
Hutuknga
Lupukngna
Motuucheyngna
Moyongna
Pajbenga
Pamajam
Puhú
Totpavit




= San Bernardino County

=
Homhoangna
Horuuvnga
Kaawchama
Kuukamonga
Pasinogna
Wa'atsngna
Wapijanga




= Riverside County

=
Horuuvngna
Pahavgna
Paxauxa
Shiishongna




= Channel Islands

=
Haraasnga
Xaraashnga
Kinkipar
Guinguina
Pimuu'nga
Naayxoxar
Pipiimar
Tchunashngna




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Tovaangar
• City of Ghosts (TV series)
• Ontario, California
• San Bernardino, California
• Greater Los Angeles
• Orange County, California
• Anaheim, California
• Corona, California
• Buena Park, California
• History of Los Angeles County, California