• Source: Trogulidae

Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera, the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.




Distribution


Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.




Name


The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.




Species



The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:

Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967
Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 – Greece
Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022 – Greece
Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879
Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Spain (Baleares)
Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sardinia)
Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sicily)
Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874) – UK to Balkans (Europe)
Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia
Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain, Morocco
Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978 – Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans
Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879 – Italy, France (Corsica)
Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 – Spain
Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879 – Italy, France, Switzerland
Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988 – France
Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
Calathocratus Simon, 1879
Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia, Italy
Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968 – Turkey
Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966) – Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.
Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)
Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013) – Kyrgyzstan
Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963) – Greece (Rhodes)
Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940) – Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey
Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940
Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)
Trogulus Latreille, 1802
Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879 – France (Corsica)
Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain (Baleares)
Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971 – Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.
Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988 – Italy
Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971 – Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc
Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – (Unknown locality) [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Italy (contra reports of widespread)
Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879 – France, Italy
Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999 – Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia
Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903 – Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)
Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 – Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.
Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Portugal
Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)
Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 – Portugal
Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Greece [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 – Italy, France, etc
Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Greece (Corfu)
Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763) – Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)
Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971 – Romania
Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Croatia
Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856 – Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968 – Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940 – Croatia
Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)
Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833 – Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Macedonia
Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Germany, etc (Central Europe)
Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885 – Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)
Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)
Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973 – Turkey
See also extinct:

†Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)
Plus see unknown:

†Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887
†Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887




References






Further reading


Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Laba-laba penuai
• Trogulidae
• Opiliones
• Trogulus torosus
• List of Dyspnoi species
• Trogulus
• Troguloidea
• Anelasmocephalus hadzii
• Harvestman phylogeny
• Jochen Martens
• Dendrolasma mirabile