• Source: Tsavo East National Park

Tsavo East National Park is a national park in Kenya with an area of 13,747 km2 (5,308 sq mi). It was established in April 1948 and covers a semi-arid area previously known as the Taru Desert. Together with the Tsavo West National Park, it forms an area of about 22,000 square kilometers. The Tsavo River flows west to east through the national park, which is located in the Taita-Taveta County of the former Coast Province.




Geography



Tsavo East National Park is generally flat, with dry plains across which the Galana River flows. Other features include the Yatta Plateau and Lugard Falls.
Inside Tsavo East National Park, the Athi and Tsavo rivers converge to form the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River. Most of the park consists of semi-arid grasslands and savanna.

The Yatta Plateau, the world's longest lava flow, runs along the western boundary of the park above the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River. Its 290 km (180 mi) length was formed by lava from Ol Donyo Sabuk Mountain.
The Mudanda Rock is a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) inselberg of stratified rock that acts as a water catchment that supplies a natural dam below. It offers an excellent vantage point for the hundreds of elephants and other wildlife that come to drink during the dry season.
Lugard Falls, named after Frederick Lugard, is a series of white water rapids on the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River.
Aruba Dam was built in 1952 across the Voi River. The reservoir created by the dam attracts many animals and water birds.
Tsavo West National Park is more mountainous and wetter, with swamps, Lake Jipe and the Mzima Springs. It is known for birdlife and for its large mammals. It is also home to a black rhino sanctuary.




Archaeology and history


Although a few Early Stone Age and Middle Stone Age archaeological sites are recorded from ground surface finds in Tsavo, there is much evidence of thriving Late Stone Age economy from 6,000 to 1,300 years ago. Research has shown that Late Stone Age archaeological sites are found close to the Galana River in high numbers. The inhabitants of these sites hunted wild animals, fished, and kept domesticated animals. Because of the sparse availability of water away from the Galana River, human settlement in Tsavo focused on the riparian areas and in rock shelters as one moves west.
Swahili people traded with the inhabitants of Tsavo for ivory, catskins, and probably slaves as early as 700 AD (and probably earlier). There is no evidence for direct Swahili "colonization" of Tsavo. Instead, trade was probably accomplished by moving goods to and from the Swahili Coast via extended kin-networks. Trade goods such as cowry shells and beads have been recovered from archaeological sites dating to the early Swahili period.

19th century British and German explorers document people we now refer to as Orma and Watha during their travels through the "nyika" ("bush" or "hinterland") and generally viewed them as hostile toward their interests. Beginning in the late 19th/early 20th century, the British began a concerted effort to colonise the interior of Kenya and built a railway through Tsavo in 1898. Two Tsavo Man-Eaters terrorised the construction crews led by John Henry Patterson who eventually shot the pair but not before they had killed one hundred and thirty five Indians and local workers. The railway was eventually completed through to Kisumu on Lake Victoria.
Tsavo remained the homeland for Orma pastoralists and Watha hunter-gatherers until 1948, when it was gazetted a national park. At that time, the Orma with their livestock were driven off and the aboriginal population of the Watha people was forcefully relocated to Voi and Mtito Andei as well as other locations within the nearby Taita Hills. Following Kenyan independence in 1963, hunting was banned in the park and management of Tsavo was turned over to the authority that eventually became the Kenya Wildlife Service.




Wildlife



Tsavo East National Park is considered one of the world's biodiversity strongholds, providing undeveloped homes to vast numbers of animals.




= Mammals

=
Famous are the Tsavo lions, a population whose adult males often lack manes entirely. As of 2006, there were about 675 lions in the Amboseli-Tsavo ecosystem.
Some of the many mammals found in the park include:

Aardwolf
Yellow baboon
African buffalo
Senegal bushbaby
Bushbuck
Caracal
African wildcat
Southeast African cheetah
African civet
Kirk's dik-dik
African wild dog
African dormouse
Blue duiker
Bush duiker
Harvey's red duiker
Common eland
African bush elephant
Bat-eared fox
Northern greater galago
Grant's gazelle
Rusty-spotted genet
Common genet
Gerenuk
Giraffe
African savanna hare
Springhare
Coke's hartebeest
Hunter's hartebeest
East African hedgehog
Spotted hyena
Striped hyena
Yellow-spotted rock hyrax
Southern tree hyrax
Impala
Black-backed jackal
Side-striped jackal
Klipspringer
Lesser kudu
African leopard
Lion
Banded mongoose
Dwarf mongoose
Egyptian mongoose
Marsh mongoose
Slender mongoose
White-tailed mongoose
Vervet monkey
Sykes' monkey
Fringe-eared oryx
Clawless otter
Ground pangolin
Crested porcupine
Cane rat
Giant rat
Naked mole rat
Honey badger
Bohor reedbuck
Black rhinoceros
Serval
Elephant shrew
Bush squirrel
Red bush squirrel
Striped ground squirrel
Unstriped ground squirrel
Suni
Common warthog
waterbuck
Plains zebra
Grevy's zebra




= Birds

=
Over 500 bird species have been recorded in the area, including ostriches, kestrels, buzzards, starlings, weaver birds, kingfishers, hornbills, secretary birds and herons.




Threats


Between 2001 and 2006, more than 100 lions, elephants and other wildlife have been killed in the Amboseli-Tsavo ecosystem. Most of them have been speared by young men. The poachers usually do not face serious consequences. In contrast, the game scouts who arrested offenders have been punished by the community.




References



Kusimba, Chapurukha M.; Kusimba, Sibel B.; Wright, David K. (2005) The development and collapse of precolonial ethnic mosaics in Tsavo, Kenya. Journal of African Archaeology 3(2):345–365. JAfrArch
Thorbahn, P. F., (1979) The Precolonial Ivory Trade of East Africa: Reconstruction of a Human-Elephant Ecosystem. Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Wijngaarden, W. v., and V. W. P. v. Engelen (1985) Soils and Vegetation of the Tsavo Area. Geological Survey of Kenya, Nairobi.
Wright, David K. (2005) Environment, Chronology and Resource Exploitation of the Pastoral Neolithic in Tsavo, Kenya. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago. Wright Diss
Wright, David K. (2005) New perspectives on early regional interaction networks in East Africa: A view from Tsavo National Park, Kenya. African Archaeological Review 15(3):111–141. AAR
Wright, David K. (2007) Tethered mobility and riparian resource exploitation among Neolithic hunters and herders in the Galana River Basin, Kenyan Coastal Lowlands. Environmental Archaeology 12(1):25–47. Env. Archaeology
Wright, David K.; Forman, Steven L.; Kusimba, Chapurukha M.; Pierson, James; Gomez, Jeanette; Tattersfield, Peter (2007) Stratigraphic and geochronological context of human habitation along the Galana River, Kenya. Geoarchaeology 22(7):709–730. Geoarch
Patterson, John Henry. (1907) Man-Eaters of Tsavo. P 41 – 114.




External links



World Database on Protected Areas – Tsavo East National Park World Database on Protected Areas: Tsavo East National Park

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Jerapah
• Singa
• Jomo Kenyatta
• Tsavo East National Park
• Tsavo West National Park
• Tsavo National Park
• Satao (elephant)
• Tsavo
• Chyulu Hills
• Tsavo Man-Eaters
• List of national parks of Kenya
• Hirola
• List of national parks in Africa