• Source: Type 2 inflammation

Type 2 inflammation is a pattern of immune response. Its physiological function is to defend the body against helminths, but a dysregulation of the type 2 inflammatory response has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases.




Molecular biology


IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP are alarmins released from damaged epithelial cells. These cytokines mediate the activation of type 2 T helper cells (Th2 cells), type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells), and dendritic cells. Th2 cells and ILC2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13.
IL-4 further drives CD4+ T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subtype and induces isotype switching to IgE in B cells. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate trafficking of eosinophils to the site of inflammation, while IL-5 promotes both eosinophil trafficking and production.




Dysregulation in human disease


Type 2 inflammation has been implicated in several chronic diseases:

Asthma
Atopic dermatitis
Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Persons with one type 2 inflammatory disease are more likely to have other type 2 inflammatory diseases.




Pharmacological targets


Several medicines have been developed that target mediators of type 2 inflammation:

IL-4-specific blockers:
Altrakincept
Pascolizumab
IL-5-specific blockers:
Benralizumab
Mepolizumab
Reslizumab
IL-13-specific blockers:
Lebrikizumab
Tralokinumab
Dual IL-4 and IL-13 blockers:
Dupilumab
IgE-blockers:
Ligelizumab
Omalizumab




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• HIV
• Asam mefenamat
• Diabetes melitus
• Pioglitazon
• Sitokin
• Atorvastatin
• Sistem imun
• Antagonis reseptor leukotriena
• Asam meklofenamat
• Sel limfoid bawaan
• Type 2 inflammation
• Inflammation
• Asthma phenotyping and endotyping
• Asthma-COPD overlap
• Eosinopenia
• Asthma
• Sputum
• Type IV hypersensitivity
• Atopic dermatitis
• Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor