• Source: Type 63 multiple rocket launcher

The Type 63 multiple rocket launcher is a towed, 12-tube, 107mm rocket launcher produced by the People's Republic of China in the early 1960s and later exported and manufactured globally. Although no longer serving with active infantry units, the Type 63 is still in People's Liberation Army service with specialized formations such as mountain infantry units and special forces detachments. The Type 63 was widely used in the PLA until the late 1980s. It was adopted as the successor of the Type 50-5 of 102mm.
China has also developed a Type 63 multiple rocket launcher of 130mm. The RPU-14 is a Soviet 140mm MRL of similar design to the Type 63.




Description



The launcher's 12 tubes are arranged in three removable rows of four, mounted on a single-axle carriage with rubber tires. The Type 63 originally fired an 18.8 kilogram rocket (Type 63-2) with a 1.3 kilogram warhead. Ammunition for the Type 63 was later improved (Type 75 and Type 81 series), although the overall weight of the rocket remained the same. A fixed amount of propellant is contained in the rocket motor. The steel-cased rocket is stabilized with spin imparted by six angled nozzles in its base. The Type 63 was distributed on the basis of six per infantry regiment, or 18 per infantry division. For airborne and mountain units the lighter Type 63-I was developed.
The Type 63 and its copies can be mounted on different kinds of armoured and unarmoured vehicles, for example the MT-LB, the Safir, the Mamba, the RG-32 Scout, the GAZ-66 and the M113.




Licence versions


The Type 63 and its rockets are license-built in several countries including:

Sudan – Taka.
Iran – Fajr-1 of D.I.O. with Haseb-1 rocket.
South Africa – RO 107 of Mechem Developments.
North Korea – Type 75.
North Vietnam, Vietnam – H-12.
Turkey – T-107 of MKEK with rockets TR-107 "Anadolu" and TRB-107.
Egypt – RL812/TLC of the Helwan Machinery and Equipment Factory (Factory 999).




BM-12 nomenclature issue


NATO and western sources have used the Soviet-style designation BM-12 to describe this weapon system, and further even ascribe Soviet origin and initial manufacture of both launcher and rockets. However, there is no evidence in non-western sources of Soviet development or production, or of the BM-12 moniker being applied. Very similar Type 50-5 or Type 488 102mm rockets were manufactured in China and used in the Korean War prior to development of the Type 63.
It appears the systems designated BM-12 (for example in Afghanistan and Libya) were or are all of Chinese origin, being merely used or cross-traded by Soviet interests.




Variants






= Multiple rocket launchers

=
The Chinese Type 81 SPMRL 107mm is a self-propelled export version, based on the Nanjing NJ-230 truck.
North Korea has developed versions with 18 and 24 launch tubes that are mounted on vehicles such as the tracked VTT-323 or the wheeled M1992.
ROKETSAN of Turkey has designed an improved 107mm multiple rocket launch system, consisting of a HMMWV with two 12-round launch modules and a fire control system. The system uses the TR-107 and TRB-107 rockets but the range has been increased to 11 km.
T-107M, Vehicle Mounted, 12 Steel Tube MBRL
T-107SPM, Vehicle-mounted 2 × 12 Tubes Disposable MBRL with Insulated Pod
T-107/122, Vehicle Mounted 3 × 20 Tubes Disposable MBRL with Insulated Pod




= Single-tube rocket launchers

=
A number of countries have developed single-tube, man-portable rocket launchers that fire the same type of rockets:

China: Type 85 with an empty weight of 22.5 kg.
Egypt: PRL-81, similar to the Type 85 system.
South Africa: Inflict of Mechem Developments with an empty weight of 26 kg.
Iran: Karkhe, Single shot disposable launcher.




Operators






= Current operators

=

Afghanistan
Albania – 270.
Azerbaijan
Burkina Faso – ~4 as of 2021
Cambodia
Chad
People's Republic of China
Congo-Kinshasa – 12 as of 2021
Djibouti
Egypt - Manufactured locally as RL812/TLC
Ethiopia – 25
Gabon - 25 as of 2021
Ghana – ~3 as of 2016
Indonesia
Iran – 1,300 as of 2020
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan
Popular Mobilization Forces
Jordan
North Korea
Libya
Mauritania – 4 as of 2016
Myanmar – 30 as of 2016
Nicaragua – 33 as of 2016
Pakistan – Type-81 variant in service as of 2021
Palestine Liberation Organisation
People's Defense Units (YPG)
South Africa – (Launchers captured in Angola, rockets manufactured locally)
South Sudan
Sudan – 477 as of 2016
Syria
Turkey – Manufactured locally as TR-107.
Somaliland: estimated12
Venezuela - Fajr 1
Vietnam – Fielded during the Vietnam War. 360 as of 2016
Zimbabwe – 16 as of 2016




= Former operators

=
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Former user
Lebanon
Lebanese Forces
People's Liberation Army
Amal Movement
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam: 2
Malaysia – retired
Tigray Defense Forces − Surrendered to the Ethiopian forces in the aftermath of the Tigray War




See also


T-122 Sakarya – (Turkey)
Fajr-5 – (Iran)
15 cm Nebelwerfer 41 – (Nazi Germany, Germany)




Notes






References


(JAA) Jane's Armour and Artillery 1981–82, Christopher Foss (ed.), London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1981. ISBN 0-7106-0727-X.
International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). The Military Balance 2006. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-399-9.
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352.
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Vol. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278.




External links



OrData report on 107-mm rocket projectile
GlobalSecurity on the Type 63 and Type 81
Mao's Rockets and the Eastern Afghan Border War, Part I Part II Part III, article series about the use of Type 63 rockets in Afghanistan.

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