74 min
- Source: Uma language
Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Phonology
= Consonants
=Notes:
/h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
/l/ is realized as retroflex [ɭ] contiguous to non-front vowels.
/ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.
In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.
Orthographic notes:
/β/ is 'w'
/ɲ/ is 'ny'
/ŋ/ is 'ng'
/j/ is 'y'
/dʒ/ is 'j'
/tʃ/ is 'c'
/ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'
= Vowels
=Pronouns
Notes:
ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
(SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
[∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
[-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.
Numerals
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
isaʔ
dua
tolu
opoʔ
lima
ono
pitu
walu
sio
hampuluʔ
Classification of Uma varieties
Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.
Bana
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
Kantewu (= Central Uma)
Aria (= Southern Uma)
Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
Winatu (= Northern Uma)
Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma, noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.
Kantewu (= Central)
Southern
Tolee'
Tobaku
Winatu
Tori'untu
Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.
Sarudu
Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
References
Bibliography
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Bahasa Indonesia
- Bahasa Banjar
- Bahasa Bengkulu
- Bahasa Melayu Riau
- Bahasa Yakan
- Bahasa Sunda
- Rumpun bahasa Celebik
- Bahasa Pamona
- Bahasa Melayu Bacan
- Suku Melayu-Indonesia
- Uma language
- Uma
- Umaʼ Lasan language
- Uma Dasgupta
- Uma Shankari
- Uma Leht
- Uma Thurman
- UMA
- Uma Padmanabhan
- Pepsi Uma
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